完整word版语言学名词解释和问答题答案只供参考

四、名词解释：
1)Parole话语：
①itrefers to the realization of langue in actual use.

② itis the concrete use of the conventions and the application of therules. ③itis concrete, refers to the naturally occurring language events.

④ itvaries from person to person, and from situation to situation.

2)Appliedlinguistics应用语言学：findingsin linguistic studies can often be applied to the solution of suchpractical problems as recovery of speech ability. The study of suchapplications is known as applied linguistics.

3)Reference（所指）语义:It means what a linguistic form refers to in the real,

thenon-linguistic world of experience.
physicalworld, it deals with the relationship between the linguistic elementand

5)Regionaldialect地域方言：itis a linguistic variety used by people living in the
samegeographical region. It has been found that regional dialectboundaries often
coincidewith geographical barriers such as mountains, rivers and swamps.

6)LAD(LanguageAcquisition Device)语言习得机制：Itwas described as an imaginary lack box existing somewhere in thehuman brain.

7)CA（ContrastiveAnalysis）对比分析：startingwith describing comparable features of the native language and thetarget language, CA compares the forms and meanings across these twolanguages to locate the mismatches or differences so that people canpredict the possible learning difficulty learners may encounter.8)Neurolinguistics（神经语言学）：itis the study of two related areas：language

disordersand the relationship between the brain and language. It includesresearch into how the brain is structured and what function each partof the brain performs, how and in which parts of the brain languageis stored, and how damage to the brain affects the ability to uselanguage.

9)Predicationanalysis述谓结构分析：
①Itis proposed by the British Linguist G.Leech.

② Thebasic unit is called predication, which is the abstraction of themeaning of a sentence.

③ Thisapplies to all forms of a sentence.

④ Apredication consists of argument(s) and predicate.

10)Cross-culturalcommunication(intercultural communication)跨文化交流：it

systemsare distinct enough to alter the communication event.
iscommunication between people whose cultural perceptions and symbols

closeassociation of the two leads to confusion. Such interference is oftenreferred
ascross-association.

12)CPH（CriticalPeriod Hypothesis）临界期假说：aspecific and limited time period for language acquisition.①Thestrong version of CPH suggests that children must acquire their firstlanguage by puberty or they will never be able to learn fromsubsequent exposure.②Theweak version holds that language learning will be more difficultand incomplete after puberty. (Support in Victor's and Genie's cases)

13)Prescriptive（grammer）规定语法：ifthe linguistic study aims to lay down rules
forcorrect and standard behaviour in using language to ell people whatthey should say and what they should not say, it is said to beprescriptive.

14)Performance语言运用；言语行为：theactual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication .

15)Duality双重性(doublearticulation)：languageis a system, which consists of two sets of structures, or two levels.The lower or basic level is of sounds, which are meaningless. Thehigher level can be meaningful.

五、问答题：

Chapter1

studyof language?
1.Howdo you interpret the following definition of linguistics: linguisticsis the scientific

data,conductedwith reference to some general theory of language structure.In orderto

discoverthe nature and rules of the underlying language system, what thelinguist has to do

firstis to collect and observe language facts,which are found to displaysome

similarities,and generalizations are made about them,then he formulates somehypotheses

aboutthe language structure .But the hypotheses thus formed have to bechecked repeatedly

againstthe observed facts to fully prove their validity.

6.How isSaussure'sdistinction between langueandparole similar toChomsky's

distinctionbetween competence and performance?

BothSaussure and Chomsky make the distinction between the abstractlanguage system
andthe actual use of language. their purpose is to single out thelanguage system for serious

study

Theyare similar in two aspects: the definition and the content of study.

Onone hand, Saussure defines langue as the abstract linguistic systemshared by all the

membersof a speech community, and parole as the realization of langue inactual use.

Chomskydefines competence as the ideal user's knowledge of the rules of hislanguage, and

performancethe actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.We can

seethat langue and competence both refer to the abstract issue,conventions and knowledge,

andparole and performance both are their actual realization, theconcrete use.

Onthe other hand, in Saussure's opinion, what linguists should do is toabstract langue from

paroleas parole is too varied and confusing. And this is the same asChomsky. He thinks

linguistsshould study the ideal speaker's competence, not his performance,which is too

Twolinguists idea differ in that Saussure took a sociological view oflanguage, Chomsky
haphazardto be studied.

8.Whatare the main features of human language that have been specified byC.Hockett

toshow that it is essentially different from animal communicationsystem?

1)Arbitrariness:thismeans that there is no logical connection between meanings and

sounds.A good example is the fact that different sounds are used to refer tothe same

objectin different language.

2)Productivity:Language is productive in that it makes possible the construction and

3)Duality:languageis a system, which consists of two sets of structures, or two levels.At

thelower or the basic level there is a structure of sounds, which aremeaningless. But the

soundsof language can be grouped and regrouped into a large number of unitsof

meaning,which are found at the higher level of the system.

4)Displacement:Languagecan be use to refer to things which are present or not present, real

orimagined matters in the past ,present or future, or in far-awayplaces. In other words,

languagecan be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediatesituations of the

speaker.

5)Cultural transmission:Languageis passed on from one generation to next through teaching

Chapter2 andlearning rather than by instinct.

Narrow transcription—diacriticsare added to the one-letter symbols to show the finer

differencesbetween sounds.

Inbroad transcription, the symbol [l] is used for the sound [l]

8.what'sa phone? how is it differentfroma phoneme? how are allophones related to a

phoneme?

① Aphoneis a phonetic unit or segment. The speech sounds we hear and produceduring linguisticcommunication are all phones. Phones do not necessarily distinguishmeaning, some do,

somedon't, e.g. [ bI:t ] & [ bIt ], [spIt] & [spIt].

② Aphonemeis a phonological unit; it is a unit of distinctive value; anabstract unit, not a

particularsound, but it is represented by a certain phone in certain phoneticcontext, e.g. the

phoneme/p/ can be represented differently in [pIt], [tIp] and [spIt].

③ Allophone—thephones that can represent a phoneme in different phonetic

environments

Phoneis different from phoneme,

Thephoneme /l/ can be realized as dark/l-/and clear/l/,which areallophones of the phoneme /l/

Chapter5

1)Thenamingtheory命名论wasproposed by the ancient Greek scholar Plato. The

linguisticforms or symbols, in other words, the words used in a language aretaken to

belabels of the objects they stand for; words are just names or labelsfor things. The

semanticrelationship holding between words and things is the relationship ofnaming.

2)Theconceptualist view概念论:This view holds that there is no direct link between a

linguisticform and what it refers to; rather, in the interpretation of meaningthey are

linkedthrough the mediation of concepts in the mind. This is bestillustrated by the

3)Contextualism语境论:Representatively proposed by the British linguist J. R. Firth

whohad been influenced by the Polish anthropologist Malinowski and theGerman

philosopherWittgenstein.It holds that meaning should be studied in terms ofsituation,

use,context-elements closely linked with language behavior. …themeaning of a word

isits use in the language.

4)Behaviourism行为主义论:Based on contextualist view by Bloomfield who drew on

behavioristpsychology in defining “meaning”.Behaviorists attempted to define the

meaningof a language from as the “situation in which the speaker utters it and the

responseit calls forth in the hearer.”This theory, somewhat close to contextualism, is

linkedwith psychological interest.

6.Inwhat way is componential analysis similar to the analysis of phonemesinto distinctive

In the light of componential analysis, the meaning of a word consistsof a number of

distinctivemeaning features, the analysis breaks down the meaning of the wordinto these

features;it is these different features that distinguish word meaningsimilarly, a phoneme is

consideredas a collection of distinctive sound features, a phoneme can bebroken down into

thesedistinctive sound features and its these sound features thatdistinguish different sounds.

Chapter6

anutterance. Give an example.
5.According to Austin, what are the three acts a person is possiblyperforming while making

Alocutionary act is the act of uttering words, phrases, clauses. It isthe act of conveying literal

meaningby means of syntax, lexicon and phonology. An illocutionary act isthe act of expressing

thespeaker's intention; it is the act performed in saying something. Aperlocutionary act is the

actperformed by or resulting from saying something; it is theconsequence of, or the change

broughtabout by the utterance; it is the act performed by saying something.Let's look at an

example:

Youhave left the door wide open.

Thelocutionary act performed by the speaker is his utterance of thewords “you”,“have”,

expressedhis intention of speaking, i.e. asking someone to close the door, ormaking a complaint,

dependingon the context.

Theperlocutionary act refers to the effect of the utterance. If thehearer gets the speaker's

messageand sees that the speaker means to tell him to close the door, thespeaker has

successfullybrought about the change in the real world he has intended to; thenthe

perlocutionaryact is successfully performed.

8.What are the four maxims of the CP? Try to give your own examples toshow how flouting

thesemaxims gives rise to conversational implicature?

答：CooperativePrinciple, abbreviated as CP. It goes as follows:

Makeyour conversational contribution such as required at the stage atwhich it occurs by

Tobe more specific, there are four maxims under this general principle:theaccepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you areengaged.

B:Sometimes next month.

Itis flouting the maxim of quantity

(2)The maxim of quality质量原则

E.g. A: Would you like to join us for the picnic on Sunday?

B:I'm afraid I have got a class on Sunday.

(3)The maxim of relation相关原则

E.g. A: How did the math exam go today, Tom?

B:We had a basketball match with the other class.

B:Yes. But I veto I-C-E-C-R-E-A-M.

Chapter9

2.Whatdo you think of Sapir-Whorf hypothesis? Give examples or proof tosupport your

pointof view.

Sapir-Whorfbelieve that language filters people's perception and the way theycategorize their

experiences.This interdependence of language and thought is now known asSapir-Whorf

strongversion and a weak one. The strong version believes that languagepatterns determine
Hypothesis.Thereare mainly two different interpretations about Sapir-WhorfHypothesis: a

importantand so crucial to life that each of its various forms and conditionsis named. In

English-speakingcultures, snow is far less important and simple wordsnowusually suffices the

need.When some needs become more specific, however, longer phrases can bemade up to meet

theseneeds: “cornsnow”,“finepowder snow”,and “driftingsnow”.

Chapter10

2.Amongthe language acquisition theories mentioned in this chapter, whichonedoyou

thinkis more reasonable and convincing? Explain why.

1)Behaviouristview---language is behavior ,language learning is simply a matter ofimitation

andhabit formation.In this theory,imitation and practice arepreliminary(开始),discrimination（识别）

andgeneralizaition are key to language development.

2)Aninnatist (语法天生主义者)view----Inthe human brain, there is an imaginary “black

box”calledLanguage acquisition device which is said to contain principles thatare universal to

alllanguage.Children need access to the samples of a natural language toactivate the LAD,

whichenables them to discover his language's structure by matching theinnate knowledge of

basicgrammatical system to that particular language.later Chomsky preferthis innate

endowmentas UG and hold that if children are pre-equipped with UG, then whatthey have to

learnis the ways in which their own language make use of these principlesand the variations in

thoseprinciples which may exist in the particular language they arelearning.

3)An interactionist(互动主义者)view----languagedevelops as a result of the complex

develops.
interplay,betweenthe human characteristics of the child and the environment in whichchild

interactionistdescription convincing in understanding how children learn and usethe language

appropriatelyfrom their environment.

Chapter11

1、Towhat extent is second language learning similar to first languagelearning? Can you list

someproof from your own learning experience?(please list your ownexperience.)

Thestudies on the first language acquisition have influenced enormouslythose on the second

languageacquisition at both theoretical and pratical levels. Theoreticallythe new findings and

advancesin first language acquisition in learning theories and learningprocess are illuminating in

understandingsecond language acquisition. The techniques used to collect andanalyze data in

firstlanguage acquisition also provide insights and perspectives in thestudy of second language

acquisition.Just as Littlewood summarizes, the first language study has served asa backcloth for

perceivingand undrerstanding new facts about second language learning.

2.Tryto observeyourselfand pay attention to your ownlearningexperience, what

conclusioncanyoureach about the role of ChineseinyourEnglishlearning? On what

occasionsare you more likely to use or depend on Chinese in learning and usingEnglish?

Chineseplays an inseparable role in our English learning and people can'tafford to ignore it.

Hence,the role of Chinese in our English learning is worth carefulexamination. In addition,

Englishlearning have been influnenced by Chinese learning at boththeoretical and practical levels.
(1)Theoretically,the new findings and advanced in Chinese acquisition especially inlearning

perspectivesin the study of English learning.

Occasion:Recent studies have discovered that there are three interactingfactors in determining

languagetransfer in second language learning:

1)alearner's psychology, how a learner organizes his or her nativelanguage;

2)alearner's perception of native-target language distance,

3)alearner's actual knowledge of the target language.