专题三 介词和介词短语
考点精讲 一 介词
考点一 按词汇意义分类 1.表示时间的介词 介词 用法 短语/例句 at midnight,at dawn/daybreak,at sunrise/sunset,at dusk on October the first,on a rainy on表示在具体的日子或具体某一天的上午、下午、晚上 day,on National Day,on Christmas Eve,on the afternoon of his arrival in表示在某段较长的时间内(如:世纪、in the 1980’s/1980s,in the Qing in 朝代、年代、月份)或泛指上午、下午和傍晚等 “after加一段时间”作时间状语,相当于“一段时间加later”,句子用过去after和in 时态;“in加一段时间”作时间状语,指离说话时多长时间以后,句子用将来时态 Dynasty,in October,in the morning/afternoon/evening at at表示某个时间点、时刻等 on He returned home after a week (a week later). They will come to visit us in a week. (1)“for加时间段”意为“多长时间”,He has lived in the small village for 表示动作持续的时间长短,一般作完成时态或过去时态句子的时间状语 five years. I studied in Shandong University for和since (2)“since加时间点”意为“自从……,”for four years. - 1 - / 12
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作完成时态句子的时间状语 I haven’t heard from him since three years ago. He has been waiting here since 2 o’clock. 2.表示方位的at,in,on,to 介词 用法 例句 Mr. Smith met his wife at the shop in 1941. The athletes from all over the world arrived in Beijing yesterday. Mongolia,which lies on the north of China,is a beautiful country. As is known to all,Japan is to the east of China. at 表示地点时,后常接相对较小的地方 in 表示地点时,后常接相对较大的地方或在某一个大的范围之内 表示地点时,常表示相邻并接壤的两个地域 表示地点时,常表示在某个范围外不接壤的位置 on to 3.表示方位的across,through,over,past 介词 across 用法 例句 表示“从……的表面穿过” He walked across the square to meet us. through 表示“从……的内部穿过” The guide led us through the forest. The thief jumped over the fence and fled away. over 表示“从……的上面跨过” past 表示“从……的旁边经过” She walked past the shop. 4.表示范围的between,among 介词 用法 例句 I’m usually free between Tuesday and Thursday. between 一般用于两者之间 - 2 - / 12
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among 一般用于三者或三者以上的“在……中间” I found it among a pile of old books. 特别提示:①between有时可用于涉及事物之间的区别或各国之间的关系。 the difference between the three of them 他们三者之间的区别
the relations between various countries 各国之间的关系
②among可用来引出最高级的比较范围。
The book is the best among the modern novels. 在现代小说中这本是最好的。 考点二 其他常用介词
1.表示交通方式的by,in,on
“by+名词”表示交通方式时,名词前不加冠词;但是in,on 后的名词必须有冠词或代词等。
He goes to work by car every day. 他每天开车去上班。
He goes to work in his car/on his bike every day. 他每天开车/骑车去上班。
2.表示“用……”的by,in,with
by侧重方式、方法,多用于表示无形的工具或手段的名词前; in多用于表示语言、材料的名词前;with多用于表示有形的工具、表示身体器官的名词前。
He earned his living by selling newspapers. 他通过卖报纸谋生。
Please write the answer in ink. 请用墨水写答案。
They are digging with spades.
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他们在用铁锹挖。
3.表示“除……外”的 except,besides
except表示“除……之外(其他的都)”,其后的宾语是被排除在外的,侧重同类事物的排除;besides表示“除……之外(其他的也)”,其后的宾语是被包括在内的。
All my friends took part in the competition except John. 除了约翰我所有的朋友都参加了竞赛。
He has learned German and French besides English. 除了英语他还学了德语和法语。
4.表示原因或理由的for, at, from, of, with
for表示原因,常与sorry, famous, punish, praise, thank, blame等词连用。at指情感变化的原因,意为“因听到或看到而……”。from指“外在的原因”,如受伤、车祸等。of指“内在的原因”,如疾病、饥饿等。with指生理上或情感上的由外界到内心的原因。
I am sorry for what I said to you. 我很抱歉对你讲那些话。 He was surprised at the news. 听到这消息他大吃一惊。 He died from the wound. 他因受伤而死亡。
The old man died of hunger. 老人死于饥饿。
He was shaking with anger. 他气得浑身发抖。
5.表示“如,像”的as,like
as表示“如,像”时,可以用作介词,也可用作连词。like表示“如,像”时,通常用作介词。like含有“好像是”之意,意指“实际上不是”。而as表示“作为”,意指“实际上是”。二者不可在同一个语境中同时使用。
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I long to fly like a bird in the sky. 我渴望像鸟儿一样在空中飞翔。 They were all dressed as clowns. 他们都打扮成小丑。
二 介词短语
介词可以和名词、动词、形容词等构成固定搭配。常见的有: (一)介词与名词的常用搭配 1.at+名词
at sea 茫然,在大海上 at table在吃饭 at will任意地 2.beyond+名词
beyond description难以形容 beyond doubt无疑
beyond one’s reach够不着 3.by+名词 by mistake错误地 4.in+名词
in advance事先,提前 in common共有,共同 in need需要 in turn轮流 in sight看得见 in the way挡道,妨碍 5.in+名词+of in terms of就……而言
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in need of需要 in favor of支持,赞成 in search of寻找 in the form of以……形式 in place of代替 in front of在……前面 in case of假使 in honour of为纪念 in spite of尽管 in charge of掌管,负责 6.on+名词 on purpose故意地 on behalf of代表 on leave在休假 on time准时 7.out of+名词 out of sight看不见 out of reach够不着 out of order发生故障 out of control失去控制 (二)介词与形容词的常用搭配 1.be+adj. +about be anxious about忧虑…… be curious about对……好奇 be particular about对……讲究/挑剔 be worried/concerned about对……担心
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2.be+adj. +at be angry at因……生气 be good at擅长
be astonished at对……吃惊 be present at出席 3.be+adj. +in be absorbed in专注于…… be active in积极于…… be dressed in穿着…… be engaged in忙于…… be rich in富含…… be occupied in忙于…… 4.be+adj. +for be eager for渴望…… be famous for以……著名 be fit for适合,胜任…… be ready for准备好…… be sorry for对……感到抱歉 be prepared for为……做好准备 5.be+adj. +from be absent from缺席 be different from不同于 be far from远离
be free from不受……影响 6.be+adj. +to be close to接近……
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be devoted to致力于…… be equal to等于…… be familiar to对……来说熟悉 be friendly to对……友好 be harmful to对……有危害 be kind to对……友好 be similar to与……相似 be grateful to对……心存感激 7.be+adj. +of be aware of意识到…… be fond of喜欢…… be proud of因……而自豪 be short of缺乏…… 8.be+adj. +with be busy with忙于…… be familiar with对……熟悉 be combined with与……结合 be patient with对……有耐心 be popular with受……的欢迎 be pleased with对……感到满意 be angry with (sb. )对(某人)发怒 (三)与名词构成的常用搭配 1.“at+n. ”表示状态
at peace处于和平中at a loss不知所措 at work在工作at war 在战争中 2.“on+n. ”表示状态
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on exhibition/show在展出on fire 着火 on sale出售;打折on the way在途中 3.“by+n. ”表示方式
by accident偶然by air/plane乘飞机 by chance偶然by coincidence 碰巧 4.“in+n. ”表示方式
in cash用现金付款in depth在深度上 in detail详细地in height在高度上 5.“of+n. ”表示特征(等于相应的形容词) of benefit有益处的 of help有帮助的
6.“out of+n. ”表示状态 out of balance失去平衡 out of breath上气不接下气 7.“with+n. ”表示方式 with delight/joy高兴地 with difficulty困难地
难点释疑
难点一 介词的省略
1.当表示时间的词前有this,that,next,last,every,each, some,any,all等时,介词常省略。
We watched an exciting football match last week. 上周我们看了一场激动人心的足球赛。 Come any day you like. 你想哪天来就哪天来。
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2.表示时间的名词前有不定冠词,且不定冠词作“每一……”讲时,其前不用介词。 An apple a day keeps the doctor away. 每天一个苹果,医生远离我。 3.习惯搭配中介词的省略
一些常和动词、名词或形容词搭配使用的介词常可省略,常见的此类搭配有spend some time(in) doing sth. ,waste some time(in)doing sth. ,have difficulty/trouble(in) doing sth. ,be busy(in)doing sth. , stop/prevent sb. (from) doing sth. 等。
【典例】 I had great difficulty __finding (find) the suitable food on the menu in that restaurant.
解析:分析句子结构可知,题干中含有have difficulty (in) doing sth. 结构,在该结构中介词in常可省略。所以填finding。
难点二 介词不可遗漏的问题
1.在被动语态中,动词短语中的介词不能遗漏。
The children have been taken good care of in the kindergarten. 这些孩子在幼儿园里得到了很好的照顾。
2.当非谓语动词表示被动意义时,相关介词也不可省略。 The problem is well worth paying attention to. 这个问题很值得关注。
3.在定语从句中,当从句的谓语和先行词构成动宾关系且从句谓语为不及物动词时,必须加上介词。
The library which we often go to is not far away from our school. 我们常去的那个图书馆距离我们学校不远。
解题策略
策略一 分析句子成分
如果句子中不缺少主语或表语,动词后又不缺少宾语,则在名词、代词或动名词前一定
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是填介词。然后再根据句意确定合适的介词。
【典例】 We should talk about the things __beyond the children’s understanding in a simple way.
解析:句意:我们应当用一种简单的方式谈论超出儿童理解能力的事物。beyond“超出,为……所不能及”,符合句意。
策略二 记牢搭配
1.注意短语搭配中介词的正确使用;
2.注意有特殊用法的介词,如接复合宾语就只能用with或without。
【典例】 In some cases,different approaches __to the same scientific problem lead to conflicting theories.
解析:句意:在一些情形下,对同一个科学难题进行研究所采用的方法不同,就会得出互相矛盾的理论。approach to “……的方法”,是固定搭配。
策略三 注意一词多义
【典例】 You should fly your kite __against the wind,or it cannot fly high. 解析:句意:你应该逆着风放风筝,否则它飞不高。against“逆着,迎着”,符合语境。
易错聚焦
1.句尾介词往往由于受到汉语的影响而缺少
误He is the man I just spoke.
正He is the man I just spoke to.
误I don’t know which school he studies.
正I don’t know which school he studies in.
正I don’t know in which school he studies.正I don’t know where he studies.
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2.因不熟悉介词的语法功能和不同搭配而造成的语句混乱、搭配不当等错误
(误)I often come to school take bus, but sometimes I come by my father’s car. (正)I often come to school by bus, but sometimes I come in my father’s car. 3.英汉差异造成的介词错用
误He got married with her last month.正He got married to her last month.正He married her last month.
误He has a knife wound with the leg. 正He has a knife wound in the leg.
误He drove onto a tree yesterday. 正He drove into a tree yesterday.
误A is different with B. 正A is different from B.
误under the help of the teacher
正with the help of the teacher
误He made holes on__ the wall.
正He made holes in the wall.
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