1．Whether 引导的从句作宾语
Since 1939, numerous scientific studies have been conducted to determine whether smoking is a health hazard. 2．Expectancy/expectation //expectant /expect
Research teams have conducted studies that show beyond all reasonable doubt that tobacco smoking, particularly cigarette smoking, is associated with shortened life expectancy. Expectancy与life 构成life expectancy 寿命
expectation ，expectant 都是expect转化来的名词，expectation 盼望，expectant盼望的东西
3．The trend of the evidence has been consistent and indicates that there is a serious health risk. ( indicates, hints, suggests, means. indicates. (证据)清楚地表明出抽烟存在健康危险.
indicate这些动词均有“表明、暗示”之意.Indicate表示词语或符号可以清楚明白的显示内容；A high fever usually indicates severe illness. 高烧通常表明生了重病. hint指通过时间接而有提示性的话语或表情来暗示某事.He hinted to his companions that one day he would be gone. 他模糊地对他的同伴们暗示他总有一天会走掉.suggest强调事物的表征等使人引起联想.Her pointed face suggests a fox她的尖尖的脸令人联想起狐狸. 4.What 引导的宾语从句
Particle/parcel/particular/patience 形似词
Smoke is a mixture of gases, vaporized chemicals, minute particles of ash, and other solids.
Particle微小颗粒，dust particle灰尘颗粒，electron particle微小的电子
Parcel包裹/particular形容词，特别的/patience名词，耐心 4．Component/competent/composition/competition形似词
As the smoke is breathed in, all these components form deposits on the membranes of the lungs. Component名词，成份，构成 competent形容词，胜任的 composition 名词作文 competition名词竞争
5．Pain/hurt/injure/damage/destroy/harm这些动词均有“损害，伤害”之意。Pain侧重由于疾病或心灵的伤害引起的疼痛。My tooth
pains 我的牙疼。
hurt侧重外界给有生命的东西造成肉体上或感情上的伤害。如; The knife hurt his finger （肉体伤害）;I was hurt by his blame他的指责伤害了我（精神上的伤害）
injure较hurt正式， 还可指伤害别人的外貌、等。Her appearance was injured in the fire.
harm指长期造成的损伤；有时也用于抽象事物。 Smoking harms your lung（长期造成的损害）
Lying harms his fame谎言损害了他的名声（抽象的事物）
damage通常指对无生命物体的损害，并且可以是短时间造成的破坏。 My wife had an accident and damaged the bike. 我的妻子遇到意外事故，把自行车弄坏了。
•The crops were badly damaged by the storm. 庄稼受到风暴的严重损害。
Destroy彻底地毁坏。
Fire destroyed the forest. 大火烧毁了森林。
The heavy storms destroyed a good part of our crops. 几场暴雨把大部分庄稼都毁坏了。
The city was destroyed during the war. 这座城市在战争中被摧毁了。
It is known to be related to Beurger's disease, a narrowing of the small veins in the hands and feet that can cause great pain and lead even to amputation of limbs.由Beurger’s disease 引起的病痛。 课本中例句 a) Others were able to climb to safety, some of them badly hurt, but were trapped by the slide.(unit 22) 肉体的伤害 b) And a boycott of Iranian exports, it figures, would hurt Iran more than it would hurt the U.S.(unit 49) 以拟人的方式来指涉Iran和U.S.所受到的伤害，其中包括对两国人民造成的伤害。
c)But the San Francisco quake caused more damage because it struck in a place where there were so many people living.（unit22） 瞬间对物造成的破坏。
e)But knowledge is not the same thing as wisdom. Knowledge can produce equally powerful ways to destroy life, intentionally and unintentionally.对生活彻底地破坏
f)In addition, a total shutdown would harm many of Iran's friends, though it would also increase oil income for those who
are net exporters of oil后面饥饿有生命的人或动物，而又不表示对肉体或精神的伤害时，就选用harm
g)If we scrape a fender or injure ourselves at work, we know that there is some sort of payment that we can get through insurance.等于hurt肉体的伤害
h)Suppose a very good actor feared that his looks could be injured. If they were, he would not be able to make a living as an actor.对容貌的破坏，用injure.
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