血液循环 (Blood circulation)
心动周期Cardiac cycle ：The cardiac events that occur from the beginning of one heart beat to the beginning of the next are called a cardiac cycle . Cardiac cycle is composed of two periods: systole and diastole..
心指数Cardiac index：Cardiac index is the cardiac output per square meter of body surface area.
心输出量Cardiac output： The product of the frequency of pumping (heart rate) and the stroke volume is the cardiac output; it is also called minute volume.
中心静脉压Central venous pressure ：The venous pressure is measured at the right atrium.
舒张压Diastolic pressure： Diastolic pressure is the lowest blood pressure in an artery during the diastole of the heart.
水肿Edema： Edema refers to the presence of excess fluid in body tissues.
有效不应期Effective refractory period（ERP）：The duration from the beginning of phase 0 to -60mV of repolarization fails to produce action potential to any stimulus, no matter how strong. This duration is called ERP. In the ERP, the excitability is almost zero. 6
射血分数Ejection fraction：The proportion of the end-diastolic volume that is
ejected (i.e. stroke volume/end diastolic volume).
平均动脉压Mean arterial blood pressure ：The mean arterial blood pressure is the pressure in the arteries, average over time.
脉搏压Pulse pressure： The pulse pressure is the difference between the systolic pressure and diastolic pressure.
心脏Starling’s定律：The law defining the relationship between ventricular end-diastolic fiber length (preload) and stroke volume.
每搏输出量Stroke volume： Stroke volume is referred to the volume ejected at each contraction by one side of the heart.
搏功Stroke work： The amount of energy that the heart converts to work during each heart beat while pumping blood into arteries.
收缩压Systole pressure ：The pressure rises during cardiac systole and falls during diastole. The peak pressure value reached during systole is termed the systole pressure. Usually, at rest systolic pressure of the healthy young adulte is 100~120mmHg.
呼吸 (Respiration)
肺泡无效腔Alveolar dead space：Occasionally, some of the alveoli themselves are nonfunctional or only partially functional because of absent or poor blood flow
through adjacent pulmonary capillaries.
解剖无效腔Anatomic dead space：The space in the conducing zone of the airways occupied by gas that does not exchange with blood in the pulmonary vessels, such as in the nose, pharynx, and trachea since these area is not useful for gas exchange process but instead goes to fill respiratory passages.
顺应性Compliance：Distensibility, the ability of the lungs to tolerate changes in volume, a
property that reflects the presence of elastic fibers. It is defined as the change in volume per unit change in pressure (V/P), the reciprocal of the compliance.△△
用力呼气量Forced expiration volume：The fraction of the forced vital capacity (FVC) expired during the first second of a forced expiration.
功能余气量Functional residual capacity：It equals to the expiratory reserve volume plus the residual volume. This is the amount of air that remains in the lungs at the end of normal expiration (about 2300ml).
黑－伯反射Hering-Breuer reflex：The Hering-Breuer inflation reflex is an increase in the duration of expiration produced by steady lung inflation, and the Hering-Breuer deflation reflex is a decrease in the duration of expiration produced by marked deflation of a lung.
补吸气量Inspiratory reserve volume：The air inspired with a maximal inspiratory effort in excess of the volume. i.e., the maximum extra volume of air that be inspired over and above the normal tidal volume, it is usually equal to about 3000ml.
胸内压Intrapleural pressure ：The pressure within the pleural cavity is called intrapleural pressure.It is always lower than the atmoaphere pressure in physiological condition.
肺内压Intrapulmonary pressure：The pressure within the alveoli of the lungs, also called intraalveolar pressure.
每分通气量Minute ventilation volume： The total amount of new air moved into the respiratory passages each minute; equal to the tidal volume times the respiratory rate. The minute respiratory volume generally amounts to 6L/min.
氧容量Oxygen capacity： The oxygen capacity is used to indicate how much O2 per liter of blood is attached to the hemoglobin when fully saturated with O2, it therefore depends on the individual's hemoglobin concentration.
氧含量Oxygen content ：The oxygen content is used to indicate how much O2 per liter of blood is attached to the hemoglobin in normal arterial blood, described as percent saturated.
分压Partial pressure ：The pressure of the individual gases in a mixed gas is
called partial pressure.
外周化学感受器Peripheral chemoreceptor：Peripheral chemoreceptor is located in carotid body, aortic body, and some other areas outside the brain, which are important for detecting changes in O2, CO2 and H＋ concentration in blood.
呼吸调整中枢Pneumotaxic center：A center in the reticular formation of the pons that regulates the activities of the apneustic and respiratory rhythmicity centers to adjust the pace of respiration, which involves in controlling the rate and pattern of breathing.
肺扩散容量Pulmonary diffusing capacity：The volume of a gas that diffuses through the membrane each minute for a pressure difference of 1 mmHg, which is generally used as a quantitative terms in describing the ability of the respiratory membrane to exchange a gas between the alveoli and the pulmonary blood.
呼吸中枢Respiratory centers ：Specific areas of the medulla oblongata, the dorsal respiratory group, ventral respiratory group of neurons, pre-Botzinger complex and pons. They are believed to be concerned with respiration and are classically been called the respiratory centers.then a short pause in the expiratory position.
表面活性物质Surfactant ：A detergent-like mixture of phospholipids and lipoproteins that lowers the surface tension of water, produced by surfactant-secreting
(Type-II)
cells.
It
is
a
mixture
of
dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC), other lipids, and proteins.
能量代谢 (Energy metabolism)
基础代谢率Basal metabolic rate ：The basal metabolic rate is the metabolic rate determinedunder basal conditions which includes complete mental and physical relaxation in a room, a comfortable temperature (200C~250C) and 12~14 hours after the last meal as well.
传导Conduction：Conduction is the transfer of heat between objects that are in direct contact with one another.
对流Convection：Convection is the loss of heat occurs from the body surface to the air.能量代谢Energy metabolism ：The energy metabolism means the liberation, transformation and utilization of energy produced by the material metabolism in the body.
蒸发Evaporation ：Evaporation is the water molecules absorb heat from their environment and become energetic enough to escape as gas.
不感蒸发Insensible perspiration ：Even when a person is not sweating, water still evaporates insensibly from the skin and lung, this is called insensible perspiration which causes continual heat loss at a lower rate.
辐射Radiation：A process by which heat is transferred from a warmer surface
to a cooler surface by electromagnetic (typically, infrared) waves.
食物的特殊动力效应Specific dynamic effect of food ：After a meal is ingested, the metabolic rate increases as a result of the different chemical reactions associated with digestion, absorption, and storage of food in the body. This effect of food on the metabolic rate is called the specific dynamic effect of food.
醛固酮Aldosteron：Aldosteron is a sodium-retaining hormone of the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex. Aldosterone increases sodium reabsouption and potassium excretion at the same time by the kidneys, this increasing sodium and decreasing potassium in the body.
抗利尿激素Antidiuretic hormone：A product of neurohypohysis which, through its action on kidneys, promotes the conservation of body water.
皮质肾单位Cortical nephron：The nephrons have their glomeruli located in the outer and middle portion of the renal cortex are called cortical nephrons.
有效滤过压Effective filtration pressure ：The effective filtration pressure of glomerulus represents the sum of the hydrostatic and colloid osmotic forces that either favor or oppose filtration across the glomerular capillaries.
球管平衡Glomerulo-tubular balance： One of the most basic mechanisms for controlling tubular reabsorption is the intrinsic ability of the tubules to increase their reabsorption rate in response to increased tubular inflow. This phenomenon
is referred to as glomerulo-tubular balance.
肾小球滤过分数Glomerular filtration fraction ：The glomerular filtration fraction is the filtration rate as percentage of the total renal plasma flow that passes through both kidneys.
肾小球滤过膜Glomerular filtration membrane ：The barrier between the capillary blood and the fluid inside the Bowmen's capsule is called glomerular filtration membrane.
肾小球滤过率Glomerular filtration rate： The minute volume of plasma filtered through the glomeruli of the kidneys is called the glomerular filtration rate.
近球小体Juxtaglomerular apparatus：The juxtaglomerular apparatus consists of the juxtaglomerular cells, the macula densa and the extraglomerular mesangiual cell.
近球细胞Juxtaglomerular cells：The juxtaglomerular cells are specialized myoepithelial cells in the media of afferent arteriole close to the glomerulus.
近髓肾单位Juxtamedullary nephron ：The nephrons have glomeruli that lie deep in the renal cortex near the medulla and have long loops of Henle that are deep into the medulla are called juxtamedullary nephron.
致密斑Macula densa： At the end of the thick ascending limb is a short
segment which is actually a plaque in its wall, known as the macula densa. The macula densa plays an important role in controlling nephron function.
肾单位Nephron：Nephron is the functional unit of the kidney. Each nephron has two major components: renal corpuscle and renal tube.
渗透性利尿Osmotic diuresis: An increase in urine flow due to increase of an osmotically active solute in tubular fluid.
肾糖阈Renal glucose threshold ：When the plasma glucose concentration increases up to a value about 180 to 200 mg per deciliter, glucose can first be detected in the urine, this value is called the renal glucose threshold.
肾小管重吸收Tubular reabsorption：Tubular reabsorption denotes the transport of substances from the tubular fluid through the tubular epithelium into peritubular capillary blood.
直小血管Vasa recto：In the juxtamedullary nephrons the efferent arterioles also supply the long venous loops－the vasa recta－that pass deep into the medulla.
水利尿Water diuresis：The volume of urine increases when water intake exceeds body needs, it is resulted from suppression of ADH secretion.
神经系统 （Nervous system）
自主神经系统Autonomic nervous system：The autonomic nervous system
comprises all the efferent pathways from controlling centers in the brain and spinal cord to effector（visceral） organs other than skeletal muscle.
化学性突触Chemical synapse：At the major junction of chemical synapses the arrival of activity in the presynaptic region is followed by the release of chemical transmitters which diffuse across the synaptic cleft. Transmitters interact transiently with receptors on the postsynaptic membrane and produce a change in membrane conductance and consequently membrane potential.
胆碱能神经元Cholinergic neuron：A kind of neuron that liberates acetylcholine at its synaptic knobs with activity.
去大脑僵直Decerebrate rigidity ：When the brain stem is sectioned below the midlevel of the mesencephalon, the rigidity occurs in the antigravity muscles. This phenomenon is called decerebrate rigidity.
传出神经Efferent nerve： A nerve which carries impulses out of the central nervous system is called efferent nerve.
兴奋性突触后电位Excitatory postsynaptic potential，EPSP：The excitatory postsynaptic potential is the local postsynaptic depolarization due to release of excitatory transmitter from presynaptic terminals. EPSP brings the membrane closer to threshold and makes it more likely that an action potential will be triggered.
抑制性突触后电位Inhibitory postsynaptic potential，IPSP：A hyperpolarizing potential at a synapse that reduced the excitability of the postsynaptic cell.
梭内肌Intraspindle muscle ：The muscle spindle is built around 3 to 12 very small intraspindle muscle fibers that are pointed at their ends and attached to the glycocalyx of the surrounding large extrafusal skeletal muscle (梭外肌) fibers. The intraspindle muscles function as a sensory receptor.
记忆Memory：Memory is the ability to recall past events at the conscious or unconscious level.
运动神经元Motor neuron：There are two classes of motor neurons-large diameter (up to 70 mm) α cells with axons of 12~20mm in diameter that innervate skeletal extrafusal fibers in skeletal muscle and small γ cells with axons of 1~8mm in diameter that innervate the intrafusal fibers of the muscle spindles.
运动单位Motor unit： A motor axon, together with all of the skeletal muscle fibers it innervates.
神经胶质细胞Neuroglial cell：Neuroglial cells support and segregate groups of neurons and may have additional nutritive functions.
神经元Neuron：Neuron is the fundamental unit of the nervous system. Each neuron consists of soma (cell body), dendrite, axon and synaptic terminal.
神经递质Neurotransmitter：Substances released from nerve cells at synapses and presumed to mediate normal chemical transmission.
伤害感受器Nociceptor：A receptor specialized to fire in response to injurious or noxious stimuli
朗飞结Node of Ranvier：The regularly spaced constrictions along a myelin sheath to which the action potentials are restricted during nervous conduction.
非特异性投射系统Nonspecific projection system：Diffuse projections from the nonspecific thalamic nuclei connecting the ascending reticular activating system to widespread areas of cortex have a role in modifying the states of consciousness which is called nonspecific projection system.
疼痛Pain：Pain can be described as the sensation resulting from stimuli which are intense enough to threaten or to cause tissue injury.
外周神经系统Peripheral nervous system： The peripheral nervous system is that portion of the nervous system that lies outside the spinal cord and brain, it comprises both the somatic and the autonomic divisions.
突触后抑制Postsynaptic inhibition：The presynaptic neuron liberates an inhibitory transmitter increasing the permeability of the postsynaptic membrane to potassium ions and /or chloride ions thereby increasing the negativity of the postsynaptic membrane potential. In this hyperpolarized state it is difficult to be
excited.
突触后电位Postsynaptic potential：The special form of subthreshold potential change occurring across the synaptic membrane of the postsynaptic neuron when an impulse arrives in the presynaptic fiber, see EPSP, IPSP.
突触前抑制Presynaptic inhibition：A process which reduces the amount of synaptic transmitter liberated by action potentials arriving at excitatory synaptic knobs. The neuron producing presynaptic inhibition ends on an excitatory synaptic knob by the structure of gap junction.
牵涉痛Referred pain ：Damage to an internal organ is commonly associated with pain or tenderness in some skin region sharing the same segmental innervation. This phenomenon is called referred pain.
反射Reflex：An action carried out without voluntary control, in which a relatively fixed output pattern is produced in response to a simple input.
反射弧Reflex arc：Reflex arc is the pathway in a reflex, it is the basic unit of intergrated neural activity, consisting of sense organ, afferent and efferent nerves, reflex center and effector.
网状结构上行激动系统Reticular ascending activating system，RAAS ：Most of the various sensory pathways relay via collaterals to the reticular activating system in the brain stem reticular formation. Activity in this system produces the
conscious alert state that makes perception possible.
特异性投射系统Specific projection system ：The specific sensory projection system uses relatively direct pathways through specific thalamic nuclei to restricted cortical regions.
脊休克Spinal shock： Complete transection of the spinal cord results in the immediate paralysis and loss of sensation in all body regions innervated by spind cord segments below the lesion, this phenomenum is called spinal shock.
牵张反射Stretch reflex ：When a skeletal muscle with an intact nerve supply is stretched, the muscle being stretched contracts. This is a monosynaptie reflex called the stretch reflex.
总和Summation ：The addition of separate responses that are adjacent in time or space. The former is called temporal summation; the latter, spatial summation.
突触Synapse：The site of cell-to-cell comunication between neurons.
突触延搁Synaptic delay：Elapsed time between arrival of a presynaptic impulse at a junction and the first sign of postsynaptic response.
传递transmission：The passage of excitation or inhibition crosses synapses; distinguished from conduction and propagation, which occur within a neuron and do not involve synapses.
非条件反射Unconditioned reflex：A fixed reflex whose mechanism may be supposed to be inherited as its functioning does not depend on previous experience.
内分泌 （Endocrinology）
肢端肥大症Acromegaly：A condition caused by the overproduction of growth hormone in the adult, characterized by thickening of bones and enlargement of cartilages and other soft tissues.
醛固酮Aldosterone：A mineralocorticoid produced by the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex; stimulates sodium and water conservation and the secretion of potassium at the kidneys, secreted in response to the presence of angiotensin II.
抗利尿激素Antidiuretic hormone，ADH：A hormone is produced by hypothalamas cell and secreted by neurohypohysis. It promotes the conservation of body water at the kidney.
皮质醇Cortisol：One of the major corticosteroids secreted by the zona fasciculate of the adrenal cortex; a glucocorticoid, which has multiple metabolic function for control of the metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats.
克汀病（呆小症）Cretinism：Cretinism is caused by extreme hypothyroidism during fetal life, infancy, and childhood. This condition is characterized especially by failure of growth and by mental retardation.
侏儒症Dwarfism ：A deficiency of growth hormone in children leads to dwarfism.
内分泌系统Endocrine system：The endocrine system can be defined as the endocrine glands and cells of the body. It is one of the two coordinating and integrating systems of the body, which acts through chemical messengers (hormones) carried in the circulation and is involved in many functions, such as maintenance of the internal environment, control of the storage and utilization of energy enviroment, regulation of growth, development and reproduction, and the body's responses to environmental stimuli.
胰高血糖素Glucagon：A large polypeptide hormone secreted by the A（alpha） cells of the islets of Langerhans, especially when the blood glucose concentration falls. Glucagon increases blood glucose level which opposes to effects of insulin.. It acts on the liver to stimulate glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis.
糖皮质激素Glucocorticoids：A group of hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex that affect the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins and are important in mediating the response of the body to fasting and stress. At least 95% of the glucocorticoid activity of the adrenocortical secretions results from the secretion of cortisol.
生长素Growth hormone： An anterior pituitary hormone that causes growth of almost all cells and tissues of the body and enhances the body protein, uses up the fat stores and conserves carbohydrate.
激素Hormone：A hormone can be defined as a chemical substance (a compound), which is synthesized and secreted by a specific endocrine cell . It is generally transported in the circulation and at very low concentrations and elicits a specific response in target tissues affecting the activities of cells in another portion of the body.
垂体门脉系统Hypophyseal portal system：The network of vessels that carry blood from capillaries in the hypothalamus to capillaries in the adenohypophysis.
胰岛素Insulin：A hormone secreted by the B（beta）cells of the pancreatic islets; causes a reduction in plasma glucose concentrations. Insulin lowers blood glucose mainly by facilitating glucose uptake in muscle and adipose tissue and by inhibiting hepatic glucose output.
神经垂体Neurohypophysis：The posterior pituitary, or pars nervosa, mainly secretes two peptide hormones, antidiuretic hormone（or called vasopressin） and oxytocin.
含氮激素Nitrogenous hormones：Nitrogenous hormones may be classified into two families: One of the derivatives of the amino acid tyrosine, e.g. thyroxine and adrenaline, the other is the proteins or peptides, e.g. growth hormone, insulin and antidiuretic hormone.
去甲肾上腺素Norepinephrine：A catecholamine neurotransmitter released at most sympathetic neuroterminal and at certain synapses inside the central
nervous system, also called norepinephrine.
旁分泌Paracrine：Some cells release hormones which diffuse into surrounding regions, and act locally.
允许作用Permissive action：A hormone which has no effect per se but is in necessary for the full expression of the effects of other hormone.
垂体Pituitary gland： An endocrine organ situated in the sella trucica of the sphenoid bone and connected to the hypothalamus by the infundibulum includes the posterior pituitary (pars nervosa) and the anterior pituitary (pars intermedia and pars distalis).
第二信使学说Second messenger hypothesis ：Peptide hormones act by binding to specific receptors in the plasma membrane and activate a membrane-bound enzyme, via a G-protein, that stimulates the production of an intracellular messenger. This theory is called second messenger hypothesis.
甲状腺激素Thyroid hormone，TH：The thyroid hormone is referred to thyroxine and triiodothyronine which increase the rate of chemical reactions in almost all cells of the body, thus increasing the general level of body metabolism.
促激素Trophic hormone：Hormones stimulate secretion of hormonally active substances by other endocrine glands or the liver and other tissues.
肺弹性回缩力Elastic recoil of lungs：The ability of lungs to tolerate expands in volume and tends to collapse at each instant of respiration.
弹性阻力Elastic resistance： A term used to describe the elastic properties of the lung and chest wall; the resistance or elastance (V/P),the reciprocal △△of the compliance.
补呼气量Expiratory reserve volume：The volume expelled by an active expiratory effort after passive expiration. The maximum extra volume of air that can be expired by forceful expiration after the end of a normal tidal expiration; it normally amounts to about 1100ml.
外呼吸External respiration：The exchange of gases between blood and the external environment, which involves not only diffusion across the lung capillaries but also the bulk movement of gases in and out of the lungs.
功能性短路Functional shutting：Whenever the ventilation perfusion ratio is below normal, there is not ventilation enough to provide the oxygen needed to oxygenate fully the blood flowing through the alveolar capillaries. Therefore, a certain fraction of the venous blood passing through the pulmonary capillaries does not become oxygenated. This phenomenon is called functional shutting.
何尔登效应Haldane effect：The increase in carbon dioxide unloading from hemoglobin in response to the combination of oxygen with hemoglobin, i.e.,
when oxygen binds with hemoglobin, carbon dioxide is released easily.吸气中枢Inspiratory center： A group of neurons, located in the medulla oblongata, which sets the basic rhythm of breathing by automatically initiating inspiration; also known as the dorsal respiratory group.
内呼吸Internal respiration：The exchange of gases between the tissue cells and the systemic capillaries. The diffusion of gases between the interstitial fluid and the cytoplasm.
牵涉痛Referred pain ：Damage to an internal organ is commonly associated with pain or tenderness in some skin region sharing the same segmental innervation. This phenomenon is called referred pain.脊休克Spinal shock： Complete transection of the spinal cord results in the immediate paralysis and loss of sensation in all body regions innervated by spind cord segments below the lesion, this phenomenum is called spinal shock.
牵张反射Stretch reflex ：When a skeletal muscle with an intact nerve supply is stretched, the muscle being stretched contracts. This is a monosynaptie reflex called the stretch reflex.
总和Summation ：The addition of separate responses that are adjacent in time or space. The former is called temporal summation; the latter, spatial summation.
传递transmission：The passage of excitation or inhibition crosses synapses;
distinguished from conduction and propagation, which occur within a neuron and do not involve synapses.
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