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Examination Items考试题型
上海外国语大学继续教育学院2014年第1学期
英语本科五年级和专升本科三年级
“语言学”期末试卷 考试时间：60分钟
班级 ____________ 学号 ____________ 姓名 ____________
I. Fill in the blanks with suitable terms. (30%)
II. Judge if the following statements are true or false. (30%) III. Choose any two of the following questions to answer. (40%)
Questions for Reference参考问答题
1. In what basic ways does modern linguistics differ from traditional grammar? (P6) 2. Please differentiate the following pairs of terms. voicing and voiceless (P16) vowels and consonants (P18) aspirated and unaspirated (P18) phones and phonemes (P23)
3. Give a brief account of the kinds of morphemes in English language with examples. (P33-36)
4. Why is English rich in synonyms? And how can we classify them? (P66-68)
Exercises and Key 课堂练习及其答案
Practice 1 Introduction
1. Linguistics is the scientific study of __________.
2. __________ linguistics studies language change over various periods of time and at various historical stages while __________ linguistics studies language at one particular point of time.
3. The __________ study of language studies the historical development of language over a period of time, and it is a historical study.
4. __________ and __________ are the two major media of linguistic communication.
5. The distinction between __________ and parole was made by the Swiss linguist F. de Saussure in the early 20th century while the distinction between competence and _________ was proposed by the American linguist N. Chomsky in the late 1950s.
6. Chomsky uses the term __________ to refer to the actual realization of a language user’s knowledge of the rules of his language in linguistic communication.
7. Modern linguistics differs from traditional grammar in several different ways. Firstly, linguistics is __________ while traditional grammar is __________; Secondly, modern linguistics regards the spoken language as __________, not the written; Thirdly, modern linguistics differ from traditional grammar also in that it does not force languages into a _________-based framework.
8. As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and not to lay down rules for “correct” linguistic behavior, it is said to be __________.
9. The defining properties of human language are: creativity, __________, __________, __________, __________.
10. The fact that different languages have different words for the same object is good proof that human language is __________.
11. Generally speaking, three main functions are often recognized of language: the descriptive functions, the expressive function, and the __________ function.
12. According to the British linguist Halliday’s simpler system of language functions, the ideational function is to organize the speaker or writer’s experience of the real or imaginary world, and the __________ function is to indicate, establish, or maintain social relationship between people while the __________ function is to organize written or spoken texts in such a manner that they are coherent within themselves and fit the particular situation in which they are used.
Practice 2 Introduction
1. Modern linguistics regards the written language as primary, not the spoken.
2. Speech and writing are the two major media of language. All languages in the world today can be both spoken and written.
3. The writing system of a language is always a later invention used to record speech; thus there are still many languages in today’s world that can only be spoken, but not written.
4. Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimes descriptive.
5. With their respective distinction between langue and parole, and competence and performance, both Saussure and Chomsky present the view that only the abstract structure of language can be studied systematically, but not its use.
6. The distinction between langue and parole was proposed by the Swiss linguist F. de Saussure. Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community while parole refers to the concrete use of conventions and rules, thus varying from person to person.
7. An important difference between traditional grammarians and modern linguists in their study of language is that the former tended to over-emphasize the written form of language and encourage people to imitate the “best authors” for language usage.
8. Language can be studied both synchronically and diachronically. The two approaches are equally favored by modern linguists. 9. Language is entirely arbitrary.
10. Human capacity for language has a genetic basis, i.e. we are all born with the ability to acquire language and the details of a language system are genetically transmitted.
Practice 3 Phonetics
1. Phonetics is the study of the phonic medium of language. It has three branches: __________, __________ and auditory phonetics.
2. The study of how people use their speech organs to produce speech sounds is of great interest to those working in __________ phonetics.
3. The articulatory apparatus of a human being contains three important areas (cavities): __________, __________ and nasal cavity.
4. Of all the speech organs, the __________ is the most flexible.
5. Voicing as a quality of speech sounds is caused by the vibration of __________ . 6. A sound is __________ when its production is accompanied by a puff of breath. This is characteristic of the English voiceless stops in initial position, e.g. [pi:l]. 7. __________ transcription is the one required and used by the phoneticians in their study of speech sounds.
8. In terms of the place of articulation, the following sounds [t] [d] [s] [z] [n] share the feature __________.
9. All the back vowels in English are pronounced with rounded lips except __________.
10. __________ are produced by moving from one vowel position to another through intervening positions.
11. The orthographic representation of speech sounds with diacritics is normally not used in dictionaries and teaching textbooks.
12. Voicing is a feature of all consonants and some vowels.
13. In producing a vowel the air stream coming from the lungs meets with no obstruction whatsoever while in the production of a consonant it is obstructed in one way or another.
14. The English stops include [p] [b] [t] [d] [k] [g] [f] [v]. 15. All the English nasal consonants are voiced.
16. With no exception all the front vowels in English are unrounded. 17. With no exception all the back vowels in English are rounded.
18. In English, long vowels are also tense vowels because when we pronounce a long vowel such as /i:/, the larynx is in a state of tension.
19. Although the [l] sound is represented by the same symbol in the two combinations of [li:f] and [fi:l], it is actually pronounced differently.
20. If a Chinese speaker pronounces the /l/ sound in /fi:l/ not as a dark [], but as a clear [l], he will be misunderstood by a native speaker as saying something else.
Practice 4 Phonology
1. [p], and [p] are the __________ of the same phoneme /p/.
2. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segment are called suprasegmental features. They include __________, __________ and intonation. 3. The tone, defined as pitch variation, is an important suprasegmental feature of tone languages such as __________.
4. The negative prefix “in-” in English, when added to the adjective “possible”, is actually pronounced /im/, and spelt as “im-”. This is the result of the __________ rule at work.
5. To form the present tense, 3rd person singular, of the verb “teach”, we have to add “-es”, instead of just “-s” to it. This is required by the __________rule of English.
6. A general difference between phonetics and phonology is that phonetics is focused on the production of speech sounds while phonology is more concerned with how speech sounds distinguish meaning.
7. A phone is a phonetic segment while a phoneme is a phonological unit.
8. Clear [l] and dark [] form the relation of complementary distribution for they occur in the same position in sound combinations and also distinguish meaning. 9. /p/ and /b/ in [ pit ] and [ bit ] are in contrastive distribution.
10. Phonological rules are not language specific, i.e. once proved to be valid, they can be applied to all languages.
11. In English, if a word begins with a [l] or a [r], the next must be a vowel.
12. The three voiceless stops /p/, /t/, /k/ are aspirated when preceded by /s/ and followed by a vowel.
13. Usually in the two-syllable words, the noun has the stress on the first syllable and the corresponding verb has the stress on the second syllable.
14. Stress is a suprasegmental feature that is exclusively used with words, not with sentences.
15. Chinese is often cited as examples of typical tone language because tone plays an important role in distinguishing meaning.
Practice 5 Morphology
1. is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.
2. The morpheme “-vision” in the common word “television” is a(n)________ morpheme.
3. There are different types of morphemes. “-ed” in the word \"learned\" is known as a(n)__________ morpheme.
4. The words that contain only one morpheme can be called ________ morphemes. 5. The morphemes that cannot be used by themselves, but must be combined with other morphemes to form words are called morphemes.
6. In English, nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and conjunctions make up the largest part of the vocabulary. They are open classes.
7. Such endings as “-ed” and “-ing” are called derivational morphemes because new grammatical forms are derived by adding them to existing words.
8. The meaning of a compound is not always the sum of the meanings of its parts. 9. A compound is the combination of only two words.
10. The word “carelessness” is a three-morpheme word formed by a free morpheme “care” + affix “-less” + affix “-ness”.
11. The meaning of a compound is often idiomatic, not always being the sum total of the meanings of its components.
12. The compound word “bookstore” is the place where books are sold. This indicates that the meaning of a compound is the sum total of the meanings of its components.
13. Only words of the same parts of speech can be combined to form compounds. 14. The part of speech of the compound is always determined by the part of speech of the second element, without exception.
15. A compound can be written as one word with or without a hyphen between its components, or as two separate words. It is simply a matter of convention.
Practice 6 Semantics
1. Historically, different views have been suggested concerning the study of meaning. In our textbook, some views on semantics have been exemplified. They are naming things, __________, __________, __________ and mentalism. 2. The naming theory was proposed by __________.
3. Of the views concerning the study of meaning, the one in which meaning is explained in terms of observable stimuli and responses made by participants in specific situations is referred to as __________.
4. __________ is concerned with the inherent meaning if the linguistic form. It is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form; it is abstract and decontextualized. __________ means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.
5. Synonyms that are mutually substitutable under all circumstances are called __________ synonyms.
6. Complete Synonyms are classified into several kinds. The kind to which “girl” and “lass” belong is called __________ synonym.
7. Antonyms are divided into several kinds. They are gradable antonyms, __________ antonyms and __________ opposites. 8. “Cold” and “hot” are called __________ antonyms.
9. __________ refers to a paradigmatic relation between a more specific, or subordinate, lexeme and a more general, or superordinate, lexeme. This can be exemplified by such pairs as cow: animal; rose: flower.
10. __________ refers to the phenomenon that the same word may have a set of different meanings. For example, “mouth” means “organ of body”, “entrance of cave” etc.
11. “Lead” (metal) and “lead” (dog’s lead) are spelt in the same way, but pronounced differently. This is called __________.
12. “Can I borrow your bike?” __________ “You have a bike.”
13. __________ is an approach adopted by structural semanticists in describing the meaning of words.
14. Predication analysis is a way to analyze __________ meaning.
15. In terms of predication analysis, the utterance “Is it going to snow this afternoon?” is a __________ -place predication.
Practice 7 Semantics
1. Semantics can be simply defined as the study of meaning.
2. The conceptualist view of meaning holds that there is no direct link between a symbol and reference, i.e. between language and thought.
3. Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations while linguistic forms with the same reference always have the same sense.
4. “Site” and “sight”, “meat” and “meet”, “sow” and “sew” are in relationship of homography.
5. English is rich in synonyms for historical reasons but complete synonyms, i.e. synonyms that are mutually substitutable under all circumstances, are rare.
6. Dialectal synonyms can often be found in different regional dialects such as British English and American English, but cannot be found within the variety itself, for example, within British English or American English.
7. There are different kinds of antonyms because words opposite in meaning do not contrast each other only on a single dimension.
8. The important criteria to distinguish polysemy from homonymy are the etymology of the words in question and the closeness of the relationship between the meanings in question.
9. An important difference between presupposition and entailment is that presupposition, unlike entailment, is not vulnerable to negation. That is to say, if a sentence is negated, the original presupposition is still true.
10. A grammatically well-formed sentence is always semantically well-formed.
Key to Exercises
Practice 1 Introduction
1. language or languages in general 2. Diachronic, synchronic 3. diachronic
4. Speech, writing 5. langue, performance 6. performance
7. descriptive, prescriptive; primary; Latin 8. descriptive
9. arbitrariness, duality; displacement, cultural transmission 10. arbitrary 11. social
12. interpersonal, textual
Practice 2 Introduction
1. F; 2. F; 3. T; 4. F; 5. T 6. T; 7. T; 8. F; 9. F; 10. F
Practice 3 Phonetics
1. articulatory phonetics, acoustic phonetics 2. articulatory
3. pharyngeal cavity, oral cavity 4. tongue 5. vocal cords 6. aspirated 7. Narrow 8. alveolar 9. []
10. Diphthongs
11. T; 12. F; 13. T; 14. F; 15. T 16.T; 17. F; 18. T; 19. T; 20. F
Practice 4 Phonology
1. allophones 2. stress, tone 3. Chinese 4. assimilation 5. sequential
6. T; 7. T; 8. F; 9. T; 10. F 11. T; 12. F; 13.T; 14. F. 15. T
Practice 5 Morphology
1. Morphology 2. free
3. inflectional 4. free or root 5. derivational;
6. F; 7. F; 8. T; 9. F; 10. T 11. T; 12. F; 13. F; 14. F; 15. T
Practice 6 Semantics
1. conceptualism, contextualism, behaviorism 2. Plato
3. behaviorism 4. Sense, Reference 5. complete 6. dialectal
7. complementary, relational 8. gradable 9. Hyponymy 10. Polysemy
11. homonymy or homography 12. presupposes
13. Componential analysis 14. sentence 15. no
Practice 7 Semantics
1. T; 2. F; 3. F; 4. F; 5. T 6. F; 7. T; 8. T; 9. T; 10. F
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