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第三部分 长难句分析
第一章 基本结构的长难句分析 第一节 断开长难句 第二节 简化长难句
第二章 特殊结构的长难句分析 长难句
简单句
多个句子/多件事
一个句子／一件事
—— —— 简单句的核心
一件事的核心内容
断开 简化 1 标点2 连接词3 分析主谓
断开长难句： 一、标点
… these computers emit a great deal of heat, so the centres need to be well air‐conditioned, which uses even more energy. (2011, Translation)
The move to renewables is picking up momentum around the world: They now account for more than half of new power sources going on line. (2018, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 2)
Moreover, average overall margins are higher in wholesale than in retail; wholesale demand from the food service sector is growing quickly as more Europeans eat out more often; and changes in the competitive dynamics of this fragmented industry are at last making it feasible for wholesalers to consolidate.
(英语一, 2010, Reading Comprehension, Part B)
二、连接词
并列连词：and but or …
从属连词：because if while although as … 关系词：that how wh‐ …
从句开始于连接词，结束于三种位置： （一）结束于标点
（二）结束于下一个连接词前 （三）结束于第二个谓语动词前
断开长难句： 二、连接词
This practice was justified by the claim that women were needed at home, and it kept juries unrepresentative of women through the 1960s.
(2010, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 4)
Students also benefit from learning something about coding before they get to college, where introductory computer‐science classes are packed to the brim, which can drive the less‐experienced or ‐determined students away. (2016, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 1)
Competition law as presently interpreted deals with financial disadvantage to consumers and this is not obvious when the users of these services don’t pay for them. (2018, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 3)
McClain’s little ones aren’t the only kids who have an opinion when it comes to housing, and in many cases youngsters’ views weigh heavily on parents’ real estate decisions... (2019, Reading Comprehension, Part B)
The principle of British welfare is no longer that you can insure yourself against the risk of unemployment and receive unconditional payments if the disaster happens. (英语一, 2014, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 1)
But anyone who does not have to sell is keeping away, waiting for confidence to return. (2010, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 1)
Second, the majority of people who use networked computers to upload are not even aware of the significance of what they are doing.
(英语一, 2012, Reading Comprehension, Part B)
If the bar exam is truly a stern enough test for a would‐be lawyer, those who can sit it earlier should be allowed to do so.
(英语一, 2014, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 2)
On one hand, that viewpoint is a logical product of America’s evolution. (2018, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 1)
断开长难句： 标点/连接词 – 练习
Twenty‐seven students were told which pens were electrified; another twenty‐seven were told only that some were electrified. (2018, Use of English)
Firms are now studying how genes interact, looking for correlations that might be used to determine the causes of disease or predict a drug’s efficacy. (2012, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 3)
Almost everyone who was interviewed for this special report said that the biggest problem at the moment is not a lack of demand but a lack of good work to sell.
(2010, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 1)
The hardest task that television asks of anyone is to turn the power off after he has turned it on. (英语一, 2012, Reading Comprehension, Part B)
The notion is that people have failed to detect the massive changes which have happened in the ocean because they have been looking back only a relatively short time into the past. (英语一, 2006, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 3)
断开长难句： 三、分析主谓 主谓主谓 主主谓谓
India has just announced it will “eliminate all single‐use plastic in the country by 2022.” (2019, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 4)
Such a view would require a corresponding shift in the way US society today views fire... (2017, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 4)
Everything he achieved in life was earned the hard way... (2019, Translation)
The product they’re selling is data, and we... convert our lives to data for the benefit of the digital giants.
(2018, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 3)
断开长难句： 分析主谓 – 练习
That’s not the only thing the American economy needs. (2018, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 1)
I don’t think people are capable of that anymore. (2016, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 4)
But the regular time it takes to get a doctoral degree in the humanities is nine years. (英语一, 2011, Reading Comprehension, Part B)
The climate change we are hastening could one day leave us with forests that emit more carbon than they absorb.
(2019, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 2)
断开长难句 – 考场攻略
攻略1：先找从句，但先看主句
攻略2：不要纠结从句
… when we come to think back on it, we can’t remember the journey well because we didn’t pay much attention to it. (2015, Translation)
攻略3：并列句的独立与合并
When you start conversation from there and then move outwards, you’ll find all of a sudden that the conversation becomes a lot easier. (2018, Reading Comprehension, Part B)
This practice was justified by the claim that women were needed at home, and it kept juries unrepresentative of women through the 1960s. (2010, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 4)
攻略4：分析句子，只看谓语动词
Strangers are inherently unfamiliar to us, so we are more likely to feel anxious when communicating with them compared with our friends and acquaintances. (2015, Use of English)
第一章 基本结构的长难句分析 第一节 断开长难句 第二节 简化长难句 长难句 简单句的核心
简单句
多个句子/多件事 一件事的核心内容
一个句子／一件事
—— —— 断开 简化 1 定位谓语动词
2 去修饰找核心
简化长难句
• 核 心：
主语、谓语动词、宾语、表语、补语
• 非核心：
形容词、副词、介词短语、非谓语动词、 同位语、插入语等
Also, some research suggests that the explanation for rising rates of mortality, mental‐health problems, and addiction among poorly‐educated, middle‐aged people is shortage of well‐paid jobs.
(2017, Use of English)
When people in developing countries worry about migration, they are usually concerned at the
prospect of their best and brightest departure to Silicon Valley or to hospitals and universities in the developed world. (2012, Translation)
A string of accidents, including the partial collapse of a cooling tower in 2007 and the discovery of an underground pipe system leakage, raised serious questions about both Vermont Yankee’s safety and Entergy’s management－especially after the company made misleading statements about the pipe.
(英语一, 2012, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 2) 长难句 简单句的核心
简单句
多个句子/多件事 一件事的核心内容
一个句子／一件事
—— —— 断开 简化
1标点2连接词3分析主谓 1 定位谓语动词
2 去修饰找核心
简化长难句 ‐ 练习
From the beginning of our history, says Hofstadter, our democratic and populist urges have driven us to reject anything that smells of elitism.
(英语一, 2004, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 4)
The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into the male‐dominated job market have limited the opportunities of teenagers who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Japan’s rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs. (英语一, 2000, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 4)
From career to community and family, these contrasts suggest that in the aftermath of the
searing Great Recession, those just starting out in life are defining priorities and expectations that will increasingly spread through virtually all aspects of American life, from consumer preferences to housing patterns to politics.
(2016, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 4)
断开+简化长难句 – 考场攻略 攻略：长难句“两步分析法”
The same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers with more (and more diverse) communications choices have also increased the risk that passionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker, more visible, and much more damaging ways. (英语一, 2011, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 3)
第二章 特殊结构的长难句分析 第一节 分裂结构
第二节 嵌套结构 第三节 平行结构
分裂结构
一、插入式的分裂结构 二、从句后移式的分裂结构
Work by Tina Malti, a psychology professor at the University of Toronto, suggests that guilt may compensate for an emotional deficiency. (2019, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 1)
The average supermarket, according to the Food Marketing Institute, carries some 44,000 different items, and many carry tens of thousands more. (2016, Translation)
Universal history, the history of what man has accomplished in this world, is at bottom the History of the Great Men who have worked here... (2012, Reading Comprehension, Part B)
The new vaccine, which is different from the annual flu vaccine, is available ahead of expectations.
(2010, Use of English)
I found, as Hacker observed years before, that most wives want their husbands to be… conversational partners, but few husbands share this expectation of their wives. (2010, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 2)
Yet these creatures are members of the biotic community and, if its stability depends on its integrity, they are entitled to continuance. (英语一, 2010, Translation)
Certainly, no homework should be assigned that students cannot complete on their own or that they cannot do without expensive equipment. (2012, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 1)
But as the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) reviews the company’s application, it should keep in mind what promises from Entergy are worth. (2012, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 2)
分裂结构 ‐ 练习
The other issue is that many children – especially older ones – may base their real estate knowledge on HGTV shows...
(2019, Reading Comprehension, Part B)
The Olympic bidders, by contrast, wanted to get more people doing sports and to produce more elite athletes.
(2017, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 1)
The authors of the paper are from different universities, and their findings are based on a study involving 147 students (who completed the project) at an unnamed private university. (2015, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 2)
Concerns were raised that witnesses might be encouraged to exaggerate their stories in court to ensure guilty verdicts. (英语一, 2001, Cloze Test)
George Annas, chair of the health law department at Boston University, maintains that, as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose, the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death. (英语一, 2002, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 4)
分裂结构 – 考场攻略 攻略：如何解决分裂结构
1 同位语、插入语、非限定性定语从句的插入 2 状语从句的插入 3 从句后移
第二章 特殊结构的长难句分析 第一节 分裂结构 第二节 嵌套结构 第三节 平行结构
嵌套结构
Gates chooses nonfiction titles because they explain how the world works. (2018, Translation)
The consequence is that you perceive that the trip has taken less time than it actually has. (2015, Translation)
I don’t think the findings that we have are any evidence of personal delusion… (2014, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 2)
嵌套结构 ‐ 练习
And new research suggest that happiness might influence how firms work, too. (2016, Use of English)
In a final experiment, participants who were encouraged to predict how they would feel after viewing an unpleasant picture were less likely to choose to see such an image.
(2018, Use of English)
That matters because theory suggests that the maximum sustainable yield that can be cropped from a fishery comes when the biomass of a target species is about 50% of its original levels. (英语一, 2006, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 3)
嵌套结构 – 考场攻略 攻略：如何理清嵌套结构
An article in Scientific America has pointed out that empirical research says that, actually, you think you’re more beautiful than you are. (2014, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 2)
第二章 特殊结构的长难句分析 第一节 分裂结构 第二节 嵌套结构 第三节 平行结构
平行结构
一、名词（词组）的平行并列
二、动词的平行并列（谓语动词、非谓语动词） 三、介词短语的平行并列 四、句子的平行并列
一、名词（词组）的平行并列
The English, the Germans, the Dutch and the French were investing in Britain's former colony. (英语一, 2001, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 2)
The networked computer is an amazing device, the first media machine that serves as the mode of production, means of distribution, site of reception, and place of praise and critique. (英语一, 2012, Reading Comprehension, Part B)
二、动词的平行并列（谓语动词、非谓语动词）
If we adults could indulge in a bit of silliness and giggling, we would reduce the stress hormones in our bodies, increase good hormones like endorphins, improve blood flow to our hearts and ever have a greater chance of fighting off infection. (2016, Reading Comprehension, Part B)
The Olympic bidders… wanted to get more people doing sports and to produce more elite athletes.
(2017, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 1)
But successive governments have presided over selling green spaces, squeezing money from local authorities and declining attention on sport in education. (2017, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 1)
三、介词短语的平行并列
Information flows from the media to the influentials and from them to everyone else. (英语一, 2010, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 3)
So disciplines acquire a monopoly not just over the production of knowledge, but also over the production of the producers of knowledge. (英语一, 2011, Reading Comprehension, Part B)
四、句子的平行并列
There has been a kind of revival or a rethinking about what guilt is and what role guilt can serve…
(2019, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 1)
Many Americans regard the jury system as a concrete expression of crucial democratic values, including the principles that all citizens who meet minimal qualifications of age and literacy are equally competent to serve on juries; that jurors should be selected randomly from a
representative cross section of the community; that no citizen should be denied the right to serve on a jury on account of race, religion, sex, or national origin; that defendants are entitled to trial by their peers; and that verdicts should represent the conscience of the community and not just the letter of the law.
(2010, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 4)
多个平行并列
For the time, attention, and money of the art‐loving public, classical instrumentalists must
compete not only with opera houses, dance troupes, theater companies, and museums, but also with the recorded performances of the great classical musicians of the 20th century. (2011, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 1)
无并列连词的平行并列
• Today, we want empathy, not inspiration. (2012, Reading Comprehension, Part B)
• In 1998 immigrants were 9.8 percent of population; in 1900, 13.6 percent. (2006, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 1)
平行结构 ‐ 练习
Production of corn, cotton, rice, soybeans, and wheat has been largely mechanized, but many high‐value, labor‐intensive crops, such as strawberries, need labor. (2019, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 3)
Across generational lines, Americans continue to prize many of the same traditional milestones of a successful life, including getting married, having children, owning a home, and retiring in their sixties.
(2016, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 4)
If children are taught about the impact that food has on their growth, and that some things can harm, at least information is available up front. (2011, Reading Comprehension, Part B)
He must either sell some of his property or seek extra funds in the form of loans. (英语一, 2000, Use of English)
As a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor. (英语一, 2002, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 2)
平行结构 – 考场攻略 攻略：如何找到平行结构
We tend to think of the decades immediately following World War II as a time of prosperity and growth, with soldiers returning home by the millions，going off to college on the G. I. Bill and lining up at the marriage bureaus.
(2011, Reading Comprehension, Part A Text 3)
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