词汇学考试

1、old English(450-1150） It has a vocabulary of 5000 to 6000 words, which are almost monogeneous and entirely Germanic with only a few borrowings from Latin and Scandinavian. It was a highly inflected language. Many of its words had complex endings and vowel changes, which differ greatly from the language that we use today. 2、Middle English（1150-1500）It was a period of great changes, changes more than extensive and fundamental than those that had taken place at any time before and since.Steady erosion of the old English inflectional systems; endings of nouns and adjectives marking distinction of number and case and often of gender lost their distinctive forms.

3、modern English（1500 up to the present）Endings almost lost

It can be subdivided into early modern (1500-1700 ) and late modern (1700 up to the present )English

二、Analyse the words in terms of root, stem and base.

1、A root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analysed without total loss of identity.词根是所有屈折词缀和派生词缀去掉后剩下的部分

2、A stem is that the part of the word-form which remains when all inflectional affixes have been removed.词干是所有屈折词缀被去掉后剩余的部分

3、A base refers to a form to which affixes of any kind can be added.词基是任何一种词缀都可加在上面。

三、Compounding合成词的四个特点：

1、phonological features ：Usually, the compound has a stress on the first syllable or a first stress on the first syllable and the second stress on the second syllable.

2、semantic ：The meaning of a compound can be derived from the meanings of the compound elements

3、grammatical ：A compound plays a single grammatical role in a sentence.

4、orthographical ：solid ; hyphenated ; open 四、缩写

VOA voice of America BBC British Broadcasting Corparation c/o care of p.c. Postcard UFO unidentified flying object TV television ID identification or identity card TB tuberculosis GHQ general headquarters(司令部）

NATO the North Atlantic Treaty Organization(北大西洋公约组织) AIDS acquired immune deficiency syndrome(艾滋病)

BASIC beginner’s all- puepose symbolic instruction code(计算机通用编程) MAD mutually assured destruction(同归毁灭论)

CORE congress of racial equality(争取种族平等大会)

laser lightwave amplification by stimulated emission of radiation （极光） sonar sound navigation and ranging(声呐) radar radio detecting and ranging

TFFL teaching English as a foreign language

N-bomb nuclear bomb D Notice defence notice(国防机密通知) G-man government man D Day decimalization day（十进制日）V-Day Victory day kg kilogram ft foot cf compare cm centimeter $ dollar ibid thesame place ect. Etcetara VIP very inportant person OPEC Organization of Petroleum Exporting Counties（石油输出国家组织） SALT strategic arms limitation talks (战略武器谈判)

WHO world health organization Pluto pipe line under the ocean(海底输)

WAVES women appointed for voluntary emergency service(志愿紧急服役妇女队） 五、简述语言符号与意义之间的关系motivation

1、onomatopoeic motivation拟声理据 2、morphological~形态理据 3、semantic~语义理据 4、etymological~词源理据

六、简述types of meaning及含义

1、grammatical meaning and lexical meaning 语法意义和词汇意义2、conceptual meaning and associative meaning 概念意义和联想意义3、connotative meaning内涵意义 4、stylistic meaning文体意义 5、affective meaning情感意义 6、collocative meaning搭配意义

七、怎么从多义词中区分同音异义词（differentiation of homonyms from polysemants)

1. One important criterion is to see their etymology. Homonyms are from different sources. A

polysemant is from the same source, which has acquired different meaning in the course of development.

2. The second principle is semantic relatedness. The various meanings of a polysemant are

collected and connected to some central meaning to a greater or less degree. Meanings of different homonyms have nothing to do with one another.

3、On the other hand, a polysemant has its meanings all listed under one headword whereas homonyms are listed as separate entries.

八、如何区分同义词（discrimination of synonyms)

1、One term is more (general,tense,emotive,imply approbation,professional, literary,colloquial, local or dialectal,child-talk)than another.

2、Difference in range and intensity of meaning / in stylistic features / in emotive colouring / in application.

九、语境和语境分类

十、成语的特点（characteristics of idioms）

1、semantic unity语义整体性idioms each consist of at least two or more constituents, but each is a semantic unity. It also reflected in the illogical relationship between the literal meaning of constituent and the meaning of the idiom. 2、structrural stability结构稳定性 the structure of the idiom is to a large extent invariable, unlike free phrases. It cannot be deleted or added to, not even an article.结构稳定性 十一、如何学习英语词汇