Human Body as a Whole
Medical Terminology
Learn the following combining forms, prefixes and suffixes
and write the meaning of the medical term in the space provided.
1. a hormone secreted from the adrenal gland
2. inflammation of the adrenal gland
3. pertaining to medicine
4. pertaining to biology
5. pertaining to chemistry
6. pertaining to the blood vessel
7. pertaining to cells
8. pertaining to molecules
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9. pertaining to the medicine of the living thing
10. the study of the living thing
11. pertaining to the physics of the living thing
12. the study of the heart
13. the disease of the heart
14. the record of the heart waves
15. the study of the human inner secretion from glands
16. pertaining to the production of hormone
17. the study of inner gland secretion
18. the red blood cell
19. the white blood cell
20. the lymph cell
21. the study of cell
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22. the study of chemistry of cell
23. the study of biology of cell
24. the study of embryo
25. the tumor of the embryo
26. the study of the disease of the embryo
27. the study of the human inner secretion from glands
28. pertaining to the inside of the heart
29. pertaining to the inside of the cell
30. above the skin
31. above the skin
32. inflammation of the skin
33. red blood cells
34. instrument of measuring red blood cells
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35. to breathe out the waste gas
36. to drive somebody or something out
37. to spread outside
38. sth that produces diseases
39. the study of blood
40. blood cells
41. the study of tissues
42. the study of tissue pathology
43. therapy treatment, hence tissue treatment
44. pertaining to the base
45. pertaining to the toxin
46. pertaining to symptoms
47. the study of body’s auto protection from diseases
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48. protected from
49. deficiency in the immune system of the body
50. substance from the adrenal gland
51. water from it
52. the study of societies
53. the study of urinary system
54. the study of cell
55. lymph cells
56. tumor of the lymphatic system
57. the study of the lymphatic system
58. the study of physical growth
59. a doctor of internal medicine
60. treatment by physiological methods
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61. the new growth ,tumor
62. the study of mind
63. abnormal condition of the mind
64. the study of the relationship between psychology and biology
65. a condition of over activity of the thyroid gland
66. the condition of under activity of the thyroid gland
67. the inflammation of the thyroid gland
68.cutting apart the human body as a branch of medical sciences
69. cut open the bone
70.to cut the heart open
71. pertaining to the blood vessel
72. inflammation of the blood vessel
73. pertaining to the lymphatic system and the blood vessel
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Key to the Exercises B.
1. （embryo）embryology
2. (process/condition) mechanism
3. (heart) cardiovascular
4. (color) chromatin
5. (secretion) endocrinology
6. (cell) cytology
7. (sth. that produces or is produced) pathogen
8. (lymph) lymphatic
9. (the study of) psychology
10. (pertaining to) regular
Language Points:
put together组成 known as 叫做 joints between bones关节
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to provide points of attachment for the muscles that move the body牵动骨骼肌引起各种运动 hip joint髋关节 flexible有韧性的 cushioning缓冲 replaced by bone 骨化
one bone moves in relation to the other两骨彼此靠近产生运动 contents物质
nourishment营养物质 function发挥功能
waste products废物 accumulate积聚
poison the body危害生命 distributes运送
needed materials有用的物质 unneeded ones废物
is made up of包括 protect…against foreign invaders防止外来侵袭（See! Power Point）
identical对等的 receives吸收
traveled through流经 forced out压送
reenter流入 directly直接地
channels 管道 filters过滤
larynx喉管 trachea气管
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two lungs左右肺 very large number of 大量的
air spaces肺泡 release释放出
extending 延伸到 broken down分解
absorbed into吸收进 chewing咀嚼 esophagus食管
Key to the Section B Passage 1 Exercises B.
1. (The skeletal system consists of bones, joints and soft bones.)
2. (Heart is generated when muscles are contracted, which helps keep the body temperature constant.)
3. (The circulation of blood carries useful materials to all body cells while removing waste ones.)
4. (Oxygen is inhaled and carbon dioxide is exhaled in the process of respiration.)
5. (The digestion of food involves both mechanical and chemical procedures.)
6. (The urinary system keeps normal levels of water and of certain chemicals in the body.)
7. (The pituitary is a major gland located under the brain in the middle of the head.)
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8. (The brain collects and processes information and then sends instructions to all parts of the body to be carried out.)
9. (The main function of the male reproductive system is to generate, transport and keep active male sex cells.)
10. (The largest of the body’s organs, the skin protects the inner structure of the body with a complete layer.)
Key to the Section A Passage 1 Exercises E.
1. cardiovascular diseases 2. function of the pituitary
3. the urinary tract 4. molecules
5. artery 6. endocrinology
7. dyspnea / difficulty in respiration 8. saliva
9. histology 10. blood circulation
11. hematology 12. physiology
13. anatomy 14. the female reproductive
15. nervous cells 16. immunology
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17. indigestion / poor in digestion 18. voluntary muscle
19. embryology 20. psychology
Section B, Passage 2 Cells and Tissues
Language Points
Organized组（构）成 arranged in to构成 in turn are grouped into又进一步组成 serves its specific有特定的 bear in mind记住 result from源于 billions亿万 determind确立 fit on合在一起 by contrast相比之下 machinary机构
while normally在正常情况下 function with great efficiency高效地发挥作用 are subject to易于发生 result in导致 millionth百万分之一
equal等于 average一般 a speck barely visible基本上看不见的一个小点 The science that deals with cells on the smalleststructural and functional level is called molecular biology.从最小的结构及功能水平研究细胞的科学叫分子生物学。 living jelly生命胶囊 encloses 覆盖 is done完成 external以外的 semipermeable半透性的 phospholipid磷脂（膜） intact完整 distribute分布 diffusion扩散 dissolved分解 pinocytosis胞饮作用 breaks loose分裂出来 drifts into进入 varies from---to在---范围内变化 depending on取决于 vanish消失 stiffening增强剂 glucose葡萄糖 run through交织 twists through交织穿过
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stacks堆 appear to看来 play a part in对---起作用 hereditary traits细胞特性 strands条串 too thinly strung过于稀疏 spherical structure球体状 cavities孔穴 coordinates协调
Key to the Exercises B
1. cytology 2. protoplasm 3.cell membrane
4. cell nucleus 5. cytoplasm 6. deoxyribonucleic acid
7. semipermeable 8. molecular biology 9. carbodydrate
10. differentially 11. to keep …. intact
12. on the evidence of … 13.hereditary trait 14. diffusion
15. transaction 16. blueprint 17. chromosome
18. pigment 19. to excrete waste liquid 20. to disperse
21. impulse 22. ribonucleic acid
Key to the Exercises C
1. 细胞质的各处以及沿着胞浆网有数量很多的核糖体。
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2. 位于细胞上的叫做“小穴”的小室收集化学信号，并把它们传送到细胞。
3. 研究细胞的科学家已经确立：一个细胞可能有一个网球那么大，也可能成千上万个细胞合在一起才有针尖那么大。
4. 对于那些单细胞的有机体而言，这种液体是题细胞以外的水，即海洋、湖泊或小溪；但对于多细胞的生物而言，这种媒介就是生物体的一部分——对于植物来讲是它的汁液， 对于动物来讲是它的血液。
Chapter 2 Diseases and Disorders
Medical Terminology
Learn the following combining forms, prefixes and suffixes and write the meaning of the medical term in the space provided.
1. without symptoms
2. lack of blood
3. pertaining to the condition of lacking shape
4. cutting apart the body as a branch of medical sciences
5. examination through separation, taking things apart
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6. a specialist whose work is to carry out analysis
7. the x-ray photo of the blood vessel
8. surgical repaie of the vessel
9. inflammation of the blood vessel
10. destroys or weakens bacteria or neutralizes the poison they produce
11. stimulates the production of antibodies
12. destroys or inhibits the growth of microorganisms such as bacteria
13. sth to do with the lungs
14. pertaining to the urinary tract
15. pertaining to heredity
16.not enough; lack
17. no longer generate, produce, go down
18. ribonucleic acid without oxygen
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19. the complete knowledge about a patient
20. complete separation of waste matter from …
21. a cross measurement of a round surface
22. the machine which records the heart electric waves
23. the record of the muscle electric wave
24. the record of electric wave of the brain
25. within a particular group of people
26. to close in
27. to swallow in
28. complete knowledge of a patient
29. the state of knowing sth before it actually occurs
30. record of electric wave of the heart
31. an x-ray photo of the blood vessel
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32. an x-ray photo of the muscle（spinal cord）
33.the machine which records the heart electric waves
34. the instrument which measures the time
35. the instrument which measures the breath
36. the process of taking X-ray photograph
37. the process of using ultra sound to detect the abnormality of the body
38. inflammation of the liver
39. the cell of the liver
40. pertaining to the liver and stomach
41. inflammation of the colon
42. inflammation of the stomach
43. inflammation of the intestine
44. the process of taking x-ray photos of the breasts
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45. x-ray photos of the breasts
46. surgical reconstruction of the breasts
47. the instrument for measuring amount of air breathed into the lungs
48. the instrument for measuring temperatures
49. the instrument for measuring pressure
50. the abnormal condition of hardening
51. abnormal mind condition
52. pertaining to infection
53. pertaining to the nerve
54. pertaining to the mucus
55. the study of diseases
56. the instrument to record diseases
57. germs that produce diseases
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58. a tape of cell of the body defense system destroys invaders
59. the study of how the cell of the body defense system destroys invaders
60. surgical repair of the blood vessel
61. surgical repair of the bone
62. surgical repair of the muscle
63. status of a woman before her labor
64. to make statement about the future event
65. before it is mature
66. pertaining to the lungs
67. the study of the lungs
68. inflammation of the lungs
69. the science which deals with x ray or radioactive substances
70. pertaining to radioactivity
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71. the instrument to examine the heart and lungs by listening
72. the instrument that can make bacteria and virus look larger enough to be examined
73. the instrument which is used to examine the bladder
74. the instrument for measuring the amount of air breathed into the lungs
75. breathing 76. having to do with the spirometer
77. the instrument to examine the heart and lungs by listening
78. the chest pain
79. to measure the circumference of the chest
80. treatment of diseases by medicine (chemistry)
81. treatment of diseases by x ray or radioactive agents
82. treatment of diseases by physical means
83. the study of urinary system
84. the instrument which measures sugar in the urine
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85. to do with the reproductive organ and the urinary tract
Key to the Section A Exercise B
1. the colon colitis 2. the stomach gastritis
3. the intestine enteritis 4. the lungs pumonitis
5. the breast mammitis 6. the thyroid thyroiditis
7. the lymph vessel lymphangitis 8. the blood vessel vasculitis
9. the adrenal gland adrenalitis 10. the blood vessel angitis
Section B Readings
Passage One Human Diseases
Language Points:
brief survey 概论 glimpse 印象 fundamentals 基础、原理
the picture is not complete 这一概论就不完整
the modern approach to the study of disorder 现代对疾病的研究方法
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aspect方面 defined as a condition 被定义为一种状态
succumb to 受制于 in turn 反过来说 detect 觉察
swollen blood vessel 血管扩张 strikes 侵袭 community 社区
runs a short course 病程短 often hits without warning 常常发作没有前兆
gradual onset 发病慢 ailment （精神）病 causative agents 病愿体
airborne droplets 空气小粒 sneeze 打喷嚏 produce 导致
a disease-producing organism 一个致病的有机体 disturbances紊乱
poorly operating nervous system 神经系统工作不良 provoked 引发
drug addiction 吸毒成性 Furthermore 而且 gene patterns 基因
improperly operating 工作状态不良 Genetic disorders 基因失调
inborn errors of metabolism 先天性代谢失调
mental retardation 智力发育迟缓 places to breed 繁衍的世界
broadly 广义地 ward off 阻止 sexual contact 性接触 cholera 霍乱
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typhoid fever 伤寒热 tainted 腐烂的 barriers 屏障
offer considerable resistance 在很大程度上抵抗 In minor cases在较轻的病例中
lined with mucus-secreting cells 覆盖满了能分泌黏液的细胞 trap 捕捉
dust particles 尘粒 wave like a field of wheat 象麦田里的小麦一样舞动
foreign matter 异物 potential 潜在的 thrive 蓬勃繁殖
assumes higher 达到高烧 Wax 蜡 flock to 群集在
try to localize the infection 使感染局部化 pus-filled abscesses 脓块
Unless 如果不 drain 排除 blocked 挡住 tender 松柔的
brought 感染上传 traces 侵袭 long-lasting 长期的 range 包括
are a class of 一种被称为 sites 部位 link with 相连 hook up 粘和
out of action 失去作用 by inactivating 失去活性
key portion of the harmful substance 关键有害部分 butter the surface 表面涂上一些奶油
make them tastier to phagocytes 让吞噬细胞更喜欢吞噬它们
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intermediate 中间体 actually destroy 实施消灭 fixes 会有一个
eat through 咬穿 burst 暴开 several kinds 若干
the most plentiful and versatile 数量最多用途最多 next most plentiful 数量次多
adapted to 适合 at the first signs of 一有。。出现 against the infection 对付传染病
involved 涉及 triggered by 触发 to multiply 准备繁殖
are not the best qualified to fight a wide range of antigens不是对付广普抗原的最好选择
concentrates 集中 sticks well to 粘连 switched off 停止
example of negative feedback control 消极反馈控制的例子
Key to the Exercise E
1. （每一个抗体由一条化学亚单位（即氨基酸）的重链和一条轻链所构成。这条轻链上有特别的部位，氨基酸能使其补体和抗原子相连。）
2. （某些情况下，通过调理素作用的过程，抗体在抗原表面涂抹上一些“奶油” ，让吞噬细胞更喜欢吞噬它们。）
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3. （在另一些情况下，抗体和一个细菌抗原合上以后，却需要一个中间体，或补体来实施对该细胞的消灭。于是，当抗体和抗原的结合体随血液循环时，该结合体有一个补体附体。）
4. （在第一天左右，血液中没有发现对付传染病的抗体。但是，这只是因为涉及抗体制造的基本细胞已被当前的抗原存在所触发而准备开始繁殖。）
Key to the Section B Passage 1 Exercise F
1. to impair proper function 2.to contaminate environment
3. malfunction 4. causative agent
5. vulnerable groups 6. localized infection
7. venereal disease 8. antigen and antibody
Section B, Passage 2 Diagnosis and Prognosis
Language Points：clinical encounters就诊过程
set the stage for making a diagnosis触使医生作出一个诊断
diagnosis is accomplished with一个完整的诊断由病人的。。。而组成
standard标准 preferably quoting the patient最好引用患者的自述
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stating the purpose of the visit陈述就诊的目的
the duration of the complaint 病痛持续的时间
the patient states a request instead of a complaint也可将患者的要求作为主诉
Other physicians involved in the patient’s care患者的其他保健医生 how much轻重程度 What makes the symptom better or worse, past medical care 症状的好转或加重的影响因素 to narrow diagnostic possibilities缩小诊断范围 drug habits有无药物成瘾
available to the patient患者可获得 Review回顾 Prognosis预后 encounter遇到 get recovered 痊愈
to stay well病情好转 the forecast of the probable results对病情可能的发展作出预测 discuss探讨 to expect from the clinical course of the condition在治疗过程中所期盼的
resolve痊愈 reassurance is often all that is needed安慰就行了
a given patient特定的病人 be determined primarily主要取决于
aware of his/her willingness to discuss the prognosis意识到讨论预后与否取决于病人的愿意
best conducted at follow- up visits最好在随访中进行 the two双方 The best
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最高明的
blend….together交融在一起
through the complicated steps of shock, denial, depression, and acceptance of fatal illness度过身患致命疾病的震惊，否认，抑郁，和接受现实的复杂阶段 abandon the patient扔下病人不管
Key to the Exercise B
1.(These question will set the doctor working towards a diagnosis, i. e. determine the cause of an illness.)
2. (Therefore, it is essential for the doctor to tell the patient what disease he is suffering and offer to discuss with the patient about the prognosis.)
3.(If the patient is to recover without any bad physical consequence, all the physician needs to do is to take him feel that he will be well soon.)
4.(Although most patients want to know whatever happens to them, a doctor should know whether to tell them the truth depends not on him but on patients.)
5.(A doctor’s duty is to make his patient realize whether to discuss the prognosis is up to the patient to decide.)
6.(What a best doctor can do is to tell the patient the truth together with
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self-confidence and help him through the most difficult steps of shock, denial, depression and acceptance of the fact.)
Key to the Exercise D
1. electromyogram 2. nuclear magnetic resonance
3. multiple scletosis 4. glucose-tolerance test
5. electrocardiograph 6. optimistic prognosis
7. sequelae of disease 8. ultrasonography
9. fiber optic technology 10. medical history
11. hematopoietic system 12. follow –up activity
13. fatal illnesses 14. nutritional deficiency
15. body fluids 16. to highlight details
17. hazard-free treatment 18. electroencephalogram
19. non-invasive test 20. blood-starved tissue
Chapter 3 Muscular System
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Section A Medical Terminology
Learn the following combining forms, prefixes and suffixes and write the meaning of the medical term in the space provided.
1. pertaining to an artery
2. inflammation of an artery
3. study of arteries
4. the muscle of two heads in the front of the upper arm
5. both hands
6. to two sides
7. pertaining to the cerebral cortex and spinal cord
8. inflammation of the outer parts of the pleura
9. pertaining to a cortex
10. inflammation of the skin
11. of skin and muscle
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12. the science of the skin and its diseases
13. disorder caused by defective nutrition or metabolism
14. painful or difficult urination
15. imperfect or painful digestion
16. surgical removal of the thymus gland
17. surgical excision of the stomach
18. surgical removal of a part of an artery
19. deficiency of blood supply
20. unrestrained growth of leukocyte and their precusors in the tissues
21. the number of circulating red blood cell
22. pertaining to the outside of the eye or vision
23. in the blood
24. a mature, fiber-forming cell
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25. pertaining to reproduction
26. reproducing; generation
27. an act of forming a new organism
28. high blood pressure
29. increase in size of an organ or structure
30. deficiency of suger in the blood
31. having a body temperature below normal
32. low blood pressure
33. lack of necessary or proper blood substances in the body
34. abnormal shape or structure
35. defective function
36. the science of structure and form without regard to function
37. forms of organisms
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38. without definite form
39. having more than two nuclei
40. having more than two cells
41. having more than two molecules
42. any disease of striated muscles
43. death of muscle tissue
44. the muscle layer of the heart
45. any one of the various branches of science concerned development and function of the nervous system
46. any disease of the nerve
47. inflammation of a nerve
48. pertaining to the eye or vision
49. a physician who is a specialist in diseases of the eye
50. tumor of the thymoma
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with growth, 51. a tumor containing muscle tissue
52. a fibrous tissue tumor
53. device for measuring the pelvis
54. inspection of the pelvis
55. loose pelvis organs
56. pertaining to surrounding
57. enclosing the heart
58. inflammation of the spinal cord
59. the gray matter of the spinal cord
60. connective tissue such as muscle or bone
61. resembling flesh
62. pertaining to tendon
63. inflammation of a tendon
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64. a tumor originating in epithelial tissue of the thymus gland
65. a cell in the thymus gland
66. surgical removal of the thymus gland
67. dealing with a region of the body
68. an anatomist dealing with a body region
69. a poisonous substance
70. the study of toxic substance
71. diseases caused by toxin
72. of three heads in the back of the upper arm
73. a cycle with three wheels
74. sending from one(person) to another
75. changing from one form to another
76. size or wasting away of part of an organ or tissue
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77. disorder caused by defective nutrition or metabolism
78. concerned with nourishment
Key to the Exercises A
1. artery 2. shape; form 3. eye 4. poison 5. flesh 6. muscle 7. blood condition 8. nourishment 9. two 10. surgical excision of arterial
morphology
ocular toxin
sarcoplasm
myopathy
ischemia
dystrophy biceps
thymectomy
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Section B Readings
Passage One Muscles
Language Points:
Tough坚韧 throwing投掷 in the jaw to chew腭部
groups类 help hold…together把….组合在一起
make up a large part占有很大比例
vary greatly in size大小差异很大
depending on the type of job they do根据作用之不同
fairly相对的 thigh大腿 stands erect直立
rigid挺直 stays stiff保持强直
act both ways能同时作两动作 work in pairs成对运动
bends a joint令关节弯曲 does the opposite做相反的动作
the front of the upper arm上前臂
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pull it back to its original length把它恢复到原位
flesh belly肌腹 firmer更结实
voluntary muscles随意肌
under the control of our willpower接受主观意愿的驱使
passes over跨过 firmly牢固地
produces movement at the joint使关节运动 pulling on拉动 attachment附着点 attached end附着点
advantages优点
fleshy throughout their length全是肌腹 thick粗 resistant to the rubbing or friction between the tendon and the moving bones of the joint 对关节处活动的骨头有很强的抗磨能力
characteristic cross striations of the muscle fibers when viewed under a microscope显微镜下肌肉组织所呈现的横状条纹特色 arrangement排列 arranged in bundles成束排列
A transverse section through a striated muscle shows在横纹肌的横截面上可见
surrounded by fibrous connective tissue被肌纤维结缔组织包绕 alimentary canal
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消化道的内壁 found as表现为
viewed from microscope在显微镜下
our willpower主观意志 branched交叉组合 originated开始
electrical impulse电脉冲 conducting传导
capable of controlling控制 order of contractions收缩的节奏 size体积 is due to是因为
separate…with分支出 going to分配到
the nerve supply to muscle支配某块肌肉的神经 is said称为 flow of blood to血液加速流向肌肉
applied to limb在肢体扎上
through such a cutoff of the blood supply在完全切断供血的情况下
Key to the Passage 1 Exercise E
1.muscle fiber 2.voluntary muscle
3. alimentary canal 4. belly
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at birth出生时 increasing the 5.striated muscle 6. hypertrophy of muscles
7. muscle contraction 8. attachment of the muscle
9.muscle relaxation 10.arterial bleeding
11.insertion 12. origin
13. blood supply 14.flexor
15.protein molecule 16. fibrous connective tissue
17. extensor 18.willpower
19.transverse section 20. pacemaker
医学专业英语 第一分册 第四章 Chapter 4
Skeletal System
Medical Terminology
1. inflammation of the joint
2. pain in a joint
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3. the study of joints
4. pertaining to joints
5. a joint
6. to join together as a joint
7. a cell concerned with the formation of bone
8. any form of nucleated red corpuscles
9. a cell that give rise to a lymphocyte
10. there is increased calcium in the blood
11. calcium deficiency in body tissues and fluids
12. containing calcium
13. pertaining to the carpus or wrist
14. excision of the carpus or partion of it
15. both wrist and foot
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16. a cell that forms cartilage
17. pain in or about cartilage
18. inflammation of cartilage
19. pertaining to a rib and its cartilage
20. cutting through a rib or cartilage
21. surgical excision of a rib
22. pertaining to the cranium
23. examination of the skull
24. pertaining to an epiphysis
25. pertaining to a metaphysis
26. pertaining to esophagus
27. a female
28. the study of the cause of disease
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29. pertaining to the cause or causes of disease
30. pertaining to the femur
31. femoral hernia
32. the femur and tibia
33. inflammation of the stomach
34. surgical removal of a part or the whole of the stomach
35. pertaining to the stomach
36. membraneous, pertaining to the inside of membrane
37. within the stomach
38. within the eyeball
39. resembling bone marrow
40. a tumor
41. bone marrow or the spinal cord
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42. a new and abnormal formation of tissue, as a tumor or growth
43. a newly-found disease
44. a newborn infant
45. resembling bone
46. resembling sesame
47. resembling a cyst
48. hormone
49. a specialist in orthopedics
50. the formation of bone substance
51. pain in a bone
52. side by side with another
53. at the side of the thyroid
54. the parathyroid glands
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55. fingers and toes
56. inflammation of one or more phalanges
57. surgical excision of one or more fingers and toes
58. the formation of blood cells
59. the formation of red blood cells
60. the formation of lymphocytes
61. something that throws forward
62. knowing something before it actually occurs
63. go forward; carry on
64. the bone of the breast
65. cost / o ribs, hence pertaining to the sternum and ribs
66. resembling the sternum
67. calcic substance
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68. breastbone
69. hyper+calci+uria, hence urine that contains excessive calcium (高钙尿)
70. pertaining to urine
71. any disease affecting the urinary tract
72. pertaining to a vertebra or the vertebra column
73. excision of a vertebra or part of it
74. pertaining to a vertebra and a rib
Exercise:
A. 1. rib costochondral
6. bone osteoma
2. stomach gastritis
7. sternum sternocostal
3. cause etiology
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8. calcium calcemia
4. resembling osteoid
9. formation erythropoiesis
5. female estrogen
10. joint arthritis
Section B Readings
Passage One The Skeletal System
Language Points:
Grasping抓握 jar挤压震动 framework支架 performs行使 provides形成
provides a point attachment 提供了附着点 pelvic bone 骨盆 acting as levers象杆杠一样作用 Mineral storage储存矿物质 be distributed to分布 on demand需要时 Blood cell production造血 in immature stages不成熟的
on the basis shape按形状 variable number数量不一 for strength因为受力 structurally结构上的
points部位 evenly distributed平均分配 nearly equal几乎相当
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Examples of short bones点型的短骨 ankle bones髁
more or less parallel大致平行的 enclosing a layer of spongy bone围绕一层松质骨
afford considerable protection担负相当的保护作用 be grouped in to归类
just described上述 also vary in the amount of spongy and compact bone present松质骨和密质骨的含量也多少不一 two additional types另外有两类
between the joints结合处 varies greatly from person to person各体差异很大
considerable pressure develops相当压力部位 in all individuals每个人体内
either intramembranous or endochondral膜类骨化或软骨内 remodeled重塑
initial caleification最初的盖化 destruction组织 construction组织的形成
perpetually终生 in its place取代 at rest停止 reappropriates适合
along lines of mechanical stress应力线的方向
Bones shares with skin the feature of replacing itself骨与皮肤一样具有自我更新的特性
in various body regions在机体的不同部位 The distal portion of the femur股骨远侧端
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bone in certain areas of the shaft某些躯干骨
Remodaling allows worn or injured bone to be removed从塑过程使得陈旧的或受伤骨得以清除
It also allowsbone to serve as the body’s storage area for calcium这也便骨成为机体盖的储存库. in order to perform their functions在行使它们的功能
trades off calcium with the bone与骨交换盖
removing calcium when it and other tissues are not receiving enough of this element在血液于其它组织盖不足时移走骨盖
and resupplying the bones with dietary calcium to keep them from losing同时从饮食中补充骨盖已避免丧失 believed to be responsible for进行
delicate homeostasis is maintained微妙的体内稳定
bone-making osteoblasts in depositing calcium沉积骨盖的成骨细胞
the surplus may form thick bumps多余物会形成厚的隆起 interferes with影响
send out projections伸出突起 protein digesting enzymes溶酶体
collagen胶原 dissolve溶解 fragments碎片 components成分
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shown….significantly inhibits laying down明显抑制participates参与 otherwise否则 manufacture生产
responsible for能够 is responsible for the general能够全面保进
specailize in regulating专门调节 accelerates促进 synthesized合成
transports calcium from urine转移尿钙 promote促进
act as a double-edged sword作用有两面性 degeneration退化
individual机体 Premature puberty早熟
simultaneous premature degeneration同时伴随的软骨板退化
and continues thereafter然后持续不断 typically明显的
one of the factors related to a condition called osteoporosis骨质疏松症的有关因素之一
results in adecreased ability to produce the organic portion of bone matrix使产生骨机质的有机成分的能力下降 As a consequence结果是 lesser proportion of organic matrix有机基质比例较小 inorganic无机质
more sesceptible to更容易
E. Translate the following in to English
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1. mineral absorption 2. mechanical stress
3. the organic portion of bone matrix
4. premature puberty 5.protein-digesting enzyme
6. ostioclast 7. spongy bone 8. fracture
9. irregular bones 10. the skeletal system
11. vitamin absorption
12. the lost of calcium from bones
13. growth hormone 14. epiphyseal cartilage
15. magnesium deficiency 16. osteoblast
17. compact bone 18. marrow cavity
19. red marrow 20. endochondral ossification
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