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疫苗的泡沫冷冻干燥研究

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浙江大学学报(农业与生命科学版) 39(3):351~354,2013 Journal of Zhejiang University(Agric.&Life Sci.) httpti| .journals.zju.edu.cn/agr DOI:10.3785/j.issn.1008—9209.2012.02.033 E-mail:zdxbnsb@zju.edu.cn 疫苗的泡沫冷冻干燥研究 张绍志 ,施铭耀 ,陈光明 ,吕芳 ,卢宇。 (1.浙江大学制冷与低温研究所,杭州310027;2.江苏省农业科学院国家兽用生物制品工程技术研究中心,南京210014) 摘要 以鸡新域疫活疫苗为例,介绍了泡沫冷冻干燥的工艺过程,并对用泡沫冷冻干燥法制得的样品进行热分析 及鸡胚半数感染量(50%egg infectious dose,EIDso)测试,然后与用传统冷冻干燥法生产的低毒疫苗和耐热疫苗进 行对比.结果表明:经泡沫冷冻干燥工艺处理的疫苗与低毒疫苗、耐热疫苗的玻璃化转变温度分别为33.9℃、3O.2 ℃和4O.1℃;泡沫冷冻干燥疫苗和耐热疫苗的耐老化试验下降滴度分别为1.1和0.8.表明用泡沫冷冻干燥法制 得的疫苗在耐热性能上有其优越性,值得进一步深入研究. 关键词 泡沫冷冻干燥;疫苗;差示量热扫描;鸡胚半数感染量 中图分类号R 392;S 859.79+7 文献标志码A Study on foam freeze drying in vaccine.Journal of Zhejiang University(Agric.&Life Sci.),2013,39(3) 351—354 ZHANG Shaozhi ,SHI Mingyao ,CHEN Guangming ,LYU Fang ,LU Yu (1.Institute of Refrigeration and Cryogenic Engineering,Zhejiang University,Hangzhou 310027,China;2.National Research Center for Veterinary Vaccine Engineering and Technology of China,Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Nanjing 210014,China) Summary Freeze-drying has been widely used in the production of pharmaceuticals,vaccines and high—valued foods.Foam freeze-drying is a new type of drying technology,in which the sample is foamed and frozen before drying.Compared with traditional freeze-drying method,the new method can reduce operation time and COSt significantly.Some foreign researchers have used this method to produce heat-resistant vaccines which can endure higher temperature and remain effective after a longer storage in refrigerator.Up to now,little research about foam freeze—drying has been reported domestically.In this study,newcastle disease vaccine was used as an example to illustrate the procedure of foam freeze-drying method and to test its capability of producing heat—resistant vaccine. The ingredient of the foam freeze drying(FFD)sample included W(trehalose)=10 ,∞(hydrolyzed gelatin)一5 ,∞(pluronic F-108)一3 , (arginine)一2 ,25 mmol/L phosphate buffer(pH=7.2).The sample was prepared through the following procedure:1)One milliliter sample was placed on the plate of the freeze dryer and cooled to 1 5℃;2)then the pressure was lowered to 5 Pa and foaming began;3)after one hour the plate temperature was increased up to 3 1℃at a velocity of 0.7℃/min and kept for another 48 hours.The samples made 基金项目:江苏省农业科技自主创新资金“鸡新城疫耐热糖玻璃活疫苗制造技术研究”资助项目[Cx(11)4071]. 通信作者(Corresponding author):卢宇,Tel:+86—025—84392078;E-mail:fishmanluyu@yahoo.com.cn 第~作者联系方式:张绍志,E-mail:enezsz@zju.edu.cn 收稿日期(Received):2012—02—03;接受日期(Accepted):2012—06~03;网络出版日期(Published online):2013—05—15 URL:http://www.cnki.net/kems/detail/33.1247.S.20130515.1637.014.html 浙江大学学报(农业与生命科学版) 第3 9卷 by foam freeze drying were analyzed with thermal analysis and aging test,and were compared with live attenuated samples and heat—resistant samples prepared by traditional freeze drying.The latter two kinds of sample were bought from market(Tianbang Biotechnology Corporation,Nanj ing,China).Thermal analysis was done with a differential scanning calorimetry(DSC 200 F3 Maia,NETZSCH,Germany).The procedure was as follows:1)the sample was cooled tO一20℃at a rate of 10℃/min and held for 3 minutes:2)the sample was heated to 80℃at the rate of 10℃/rain and held for 3 minutes:3)the sample was cooled to room temperature at the rate of 10℃/ airn.Aging test was carried out by placing the sample at 37℃for 10 days and thereafter measuring its EID50.EID5。 was determined by vaccination with chick embryo and Reed—Muench calculation method. The appearance of the FFD sample was like sponge,totally different from the flat biscuit—like sample made by traditional freeze drying method.The average glass transition temperature of FFD vaccine was 33.9℃.higher than 3O.2℃of live attenuated vaccine.but 1ower than 40.1℃of heat—resistant vaccine.This means that the heat resistance ability of FFD vaccine is physically better than that of live attenuated vaccine.After aging test the titers decreased for FFD vaccine was 1.1.which was a 1ittle higher than 0.8 for heat-resistant vaccine.The latter result was in consistent with the former result. It is clear that FFD vaccine has its own superiority Oil heat resistance ability,although the formula and operation parameters still need to be improved.Considering its obvious economic prospect,it is worth tO carry out further work on the study of FFD vaccine. Key words foam freeze—drying;vaccine;differential scanning calorimetry;50 egg infectious dose(EID50) 冷冻干燥法是获取干燥制品的一种方法,先通 能不仅关系到保存期限,还影响到保存、运输设备的 配置.针对耐热问题,发达国家在疫苗保护剂方面的 研究开展得较早,冻干活疫苗目前基本都使用耐热 型冻干保护剂,能让疫苗在2~8℃的储藏环境中保 质12--36个月.国内疫苗生产企业目前常用的保护 过低温将物料冻结,然后在真空条件下提供热量使 冰升华,最后通过解吸干燥除去部分结合水,使产品 最终含水量达到要求.与其他干燥方法相比,采用冷 冻干燥法生产的产品具有保存期限长、复水性能好 等优点,因此,该方法被广泛应用于血液制品、疫苗、 抗生素、激素等药品以及贵重食品的生产上[1-23.冷 冻干燥法的主要缺点是生产周期长、成本高.近年 来,为了缩短冷冻干燥法的生产周期、降低成本,国 外学者提出了泡沫冷冻干燥法.该方法在物料配方 中加入发泡剂,在冷冻前将物料发泡,再加以冷冻、 1次干燥和2次干燥.由于发泡后的物料比表面积 剂有牛奶+蔗糖、明胶+蔗糖,配方简单,但疫苗制 品的耐热性能较差,通常要求在一15℃冰箱中保 存,在2~8℃环境中的保存期不超过6个月 ].本 文以鸡新城疫活疫苗为例,尝试采用泡沫冷冻干燥 法生产具有良好耐热性能的疫苗,以期促进国内疫 苗生产工艺的进步与发展. 显著增大,传热和传质状况得到明显改善,使1次干 燥和2次干燥时间缩短,生产效率提高,成本降低. Vehring和Ao[3 用泡沫冷冻干燥法保存流感病毒, 1 材料与方法 1.1 材料 制得的样品剩余含水量为2.2 ,玻璃化转变温度 为43℃,能够在37℃高温下保存125 d.Worrall_l4J 使用海藻糖作为保护剂,用泡沫冷冻干燥法保存病 低毒疫苗与耐热疫苗均购自南京天邦生物科技 有限公司,均为冷冻干燥制得的产品;低毒疫苗采用 普通保护剂,耐热疫苗采用耐热保护剂.其中,低毒 疫苗为鸡新城疫低毒力活疫苗(LaSota株),含鸡新 城疫病毒(LaSota株)至少l x 10 鸡胚半数感染量 (50 egg infectious dose,EID50);耐热疫苗为鸡新 城疫耐热保护剂活疫苗(LaSota株),用鸡新城疫病 毒(LaSota株)感染鸡胚液,每羽份鸡新城疫病毒含 量≥1×10 EID 毒和支原体,干燥样品的剩余含水量低于2%. Muthukumaran等n' 研究了泡沫生成的稳定性,并 建立了物理模型预测干燥所需时间.Worrall等 还对牛瘟弱毒活疫苗和小反刍兽疫疫苗的泡沫冷 冻干燥保存及其疫苗的耐热性能进行了研究.但 目前国内还没有关于疫苗泡沫冷冻干燥的相关 报道. 泡沫冷冻干燥疫苗的制备:泡沫疫苗的配方包 含1O 海藻糖、5 水解明胶、3 pluronic F一108、 疫苗是预防、控制传染病的重要手段,其耐热性 第3期 张绍志,等:疫苗的泡沫冷冻干燥研究 2 9/6精氨酸、25 mmol/L K。PO 缓冲液(pH 7.2).取 1 mL样品溶液装在小瓶里,半盖上瓶塞,放置于实 验窒的冷冻干燥机搁板上,将搁板温度设定为15 ℃,溶液先预冷1 h,然后抽真空到5 Pa,发泡开始, 1 h后搁板温度以0.7℃/min升温至31℃,在该温 度下持续干燥48 h,最后盖好瓶塞并密封. 1.2样品热分析 2.1泡沫冷冻干燥疫苗的外观形态 2 结果与分析 从图1可以看出:泡沫冷冻干燥疫苗呈海绵结 构.而用传统冷冻干燥工艺制备的低毒疫苗呈饼状, 外观平整均匀(图2).二者在外观上有明显不同. 2.2泡沫冷冻干燥疫苗的玻璃化转变温度 样品热分析采用差式扫描量热仪(DSC 200 F3 Maia,德国Netzsch公司),使用前采用标准物质 C H Hg、H O、In和Sn对仪器进行温度和热焓 校正.试验时取1O~20 mg药品置于铝盘,并迅速 放人DSC测量腔中,参比盘采用空铝盘.吹扫气体 的输出压力调整为0.05 MPa,流量为20 mL/min, 通过不同方法制备的疫苗的玻璃化转变温度见 表1.从中可以看出:泡沫疫苗的玻璃化转变温度为 保护气体采用高纯氮,输出压力调整为0.05 MPa, 流量为60 mL/min.样品质量采用梅特勒一托利多仪 器(上海)有限公司的精密电子天平ALl04进行称 量,精度为0.1 mg.样品取样处理在充满氮气的有 机玻璃手套箱中进行. DSC扫描程序设定:以10℃/rain的速率降温 到一2O℃,保持恒温3 rain;再以10℃/rain的速率 升温到80℃,保持恒温3 min;最后以1O℃/rain的 速率降到室温,结束程序. 1.3样品EID50测定 图1泡沫疫苗 Fig.1 Foam freeze—drying(FFD)vaccine 将待测新城疫尿囊液以12 000 r/rain离心1O min,用含有抗生素的灭菌生理盐水对上清液作 1O 、1O 、10 、1O 倍稀释,每个稀释度尿囊腔接种5 枚10日龄SPF鸡胚,每胚0.1 mL,置于37℃培养 箱内孵育,24 h内死亡的鸡胚弃去不计,间隔4 h照 蛋1次,死胚随时取出,活胚于120 h取出,无论死 胚或活胚均逐胚测定血凝(HA)效价,HA≥2 判 为阳性感染,按Reed—Muench方法计算鸡胚半数感 染量(EID5。)[83. 图2低毒疫苗 Fig.2 Live attenuated vaccine 表1低毒、耐热和泡沫疫苗的玻璃化转变温度 Table 1 Glass transition temperatures of live—attenuated,heat—resistant and FFD vaccines 浙江大学学报(农业与生命科学版) 第3 9卷 33.9℃,高于低毒疫苗的玻璃化转变温度(30.2 冷冻干燥在疫苗的耐热性能上有其优越性. 2.3泡沫冷冻干燥疫苗的耐老化试验结果 ℃);而耐热疫苗由于使用了成熟可靠的耐热保护 剂,其玻璃化转变温度(40.1℃)比泡沫疫苗的高. 根据玻璃化转变的相关理论,相比低毒疫苗,泡沫疫 耐热疫苗和泡沫疫苗的耐老化试验下降滴度见 表2.泡沫疫苗的耐老化试验下降滴度为1.1,与耐 热疫苗的下降滴度0.8相比略差. 苗可以在更高的温度下保存更长的时间.说明泡沫 表2泡沫疫苗和耐热疫苗的耐老化试验下降滴度 Table 2 Drop in titer of FFD vaccine and heat—resistant vaccine determined by aging test [2]刘嘉,刘汉清,冻干技术及其在中药冻干制剂中应用的研究 3 讨论 泡沫冷冻干燥是一种新型的干燥技术,具有省 时、节能的优点,本试验将其成功应用于实验室的鸡 新城疫活疫苗的生产中.实验室里的生产周期为5O 进展.中国医药技术经济与管理,2007,1(5):34—42. Liu J,Liu H Q.The vacuum freeze-desiccation technology and the research progressions of its application in Chinese freeze drying drugs preparation. Chinese Journal of Pharmaceutical Technology Economics and Management, 2007,1(5):34—42.(in Chinese with English abstract) h,与传统冷冻干燥所需的72 h相比有了明显的缩 短__g].为了得到足够低的剩余含水量的干燥样品,本 试验将2次干燥过程予以了保守性延长,在进行工 艺优化后,生产周期预计还可以进一步缩短. 本试验应用的泡沫冷冻干燥法有别于Pisal [3] Vehring R,Ao Y.Preservation of bioactive materials by freeze dried foam.US:WO/2008/143782.2008—11—27. [2010一l1—25]. [4]Worrall E E.Method for the preservation of viruses and mycoplasma.Britain:WO 00/66710.2000—11—09. [5]Muthukumaran A,Ratti C,Raghavan V G S.Foam-mat freeze drying of egg white and mathematical modeling part I: 等_g 保存新城疫活疫苗所用的真空泡沫干燥法,后 者在干燥过程中溶液温度始终保持在0℃以上,水 分是通过溶液的蒸发而不是冰的升华去除的. optimization of egg white foam stability.Technology,2008,26(4):508—512. Drying [6]Worrall E E,Litamoi J K,Seck B M,et a1 Xerovac:an ultra rapid method for the dehydration and preservation of live attenuated Rinderpest and Peste des Petits ruminants vaccines.Vaccine.2000.19:834—839. 本试验制得的泡沫疫苗耐老化试验下降滴度比 耐热疫苗的下降滴度大,与Vehring和Aol3 用泡沫 冷冻干燥流感病毒的效果相比仍有较大的差距.目 前,国内泡沫冷冻干燥技术的发展尚处于起步阶段, 与配方和工艺有关的研究还极少,本试验尝试应用 [7]张道华,侯继波,何家惠,等.鸡新城疫活疫苗耐热保护剂研 究.中国家禽,2006,28(9):14—15. Zhang D H,Hou J B,He】H,eta1.Study on thermostable protectants of live Newcastle disease vaccine China Poultry, 2006,28(9):14—15.(in Chinese with English abstract) 该技术制得的泡沫疫苗已经比市面上常见的低毒疫 苗在耐热性能上有了明显的改善,今后的研究可以 考虑从配方及工艺两个方面予以优化,以便使该技 术能够尽快走向实用化. References: [8] 中华人民共和国农业部.中华人民共和国兽用生物制品规 程.北京:化学工业出版社,2000:446 Ministry of Agriculture of the People’S Republic of China. The Standard for Veterinary Biological Products o_,the People’S Republic of China.Beijing:Chemical Industry Press,2000:446.(in Chinese) [1] Muthukumaran A,Ratti C,Raghavan V G S.Foam—mat freeze drying of egg white--mathematical modeling partⅡ: freeze drying and modeling.Drying Technology,2008,26 (4):5l3—518. [9]Pisal S,Wawde G,Salvankar S,et a1.Vacuum foam drying for preservation of LaSota virus:effect of additives.AAPS PharmSciTech,2006,7(3):1—8. 

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