Section I Close Test
For each numbered blank in the following passage there are four choices labeled ［A］, ［B］, ［C］ and ［D］. Choose the best one and put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET. Read the whole passage before making your choice. (10 points)
①Cheques have 1 replaced money as a means of exchange for they are widely accepted everywhere. ②Though this is very convenient for both buyer and seller, it should not be forgotten that cheques are not real money: they are quite valueless in themselves. ③A shop-keeper always runs a certain 2 when he accepts a cheque and he is quite 3 his rights if on occasion, he refuses to do so.
④People do not always know this and are shocked if their good faith is called 4 . ⑤An old and very wealthy friend of mine told me he had an extremely unpleasant experience. ⑥He went to a famous jewelry shop which keeps a large 5 of precious stones and asked to be shown some pearl necklaces. ⑦After examining several trays, he decided to buy a particularly fine string of pearls and asked if he could pay by Cheques. ⑧The assistant said that this was quite 6 but the moment my friend signed his name, he was invited into the manager’s office.
⑨The manager was very polite, but he explained that someone with exactly the same name had presented them with a worthless Cheque not long ago. ⑩My friend got very angry when he heard this and said he would buy a necklace somewhere else. ○11When he got up to go, the manager told him that the police would arrive at any moment and he had better stay 7 he wanted to get into serious trouble. 1○2 8 , the police arrived soon afterwards. 1○3They apologized to my friend for the 9 , but explained that a person who had used the same name as his was responsible for a number of recent robberies. ○14Then the police asked my friend to copy out a note which had been used by the thief in a number of shops. ○15The note 10 : “I have a gun in my pocket. Ask no questions and give me all the money in the safe.” ○16Fortunately, my friend’s handwriting was quite unlike the thief’s. 1○7He was not only allowed to go without further delay, but to take the string of pearls with him. [356 words]
1. ［A］ exactly ［B］ really ［C］ largely ［D］ thoroughly 2. ［A］ danger ［B］ chance ［C］ risk ［D］ opportunity 3. ［A］ within ［B］ beyond ［C］ without ［D］ out of 4. ［A］ in difficulty ［B］ in doubt ［C］ in earnest ［D］ in question 5. ［A］ amount ［B］ stock ［C］ number ［D］ store 6. ［A］ in order ［B］ in need ［C］ in use ［D］ in common 7. ［A］ whether ［B］ if ［C］ otherwise ［D］ unless 8. ［A］ Really ［B］ Sure enough ［C］ Certainly ［D］ However 9. ［A］ treatment ［B］ manner ［C］ inconvenience ［D］ behaviour 10.［A］ read ［B］ told ［C］ wrote ［D］ informed
一、文章结构分析
本文记述了一位老者一次用支票支付的经历。
第一段总说，介绍支票的广泛使用及使用中存在的问题：本身并无价值，因此店员有时会拒绝接受支票。
第二至三段具体讲述了一次支票支付的经历。第二段介绍人物、事情发生的地点及起因。第三段记叙了事情的发展及结尾。
二、试题具体分析 1．［A］ exactly确切地，精确地 ［B］ really事实上；确实，的确
［C］ largely在很大程度上，主要地 ［D］ thoroughly非常，完全；仔细，缜密 本题考核的知识点是：常识+副词辨析。
［快速解题］空格所在的句子是全文首句，基本结构完整，句意清楚。因此，考生关键要判断哪个副词代入文中符合逻辑语义。根据常识，“支票已经确切地、事实上或完全取代了现金”均不符合事实逻辑，只有largely代入文中强调“支票在很大程度上取代现金”符合逻辑，因此[C]为正确选项。
［篇章分析］第一段介绍故事发生的背景。①②句是全文引子。①句指出支票已成为普及的付款手段的事实，②③句转折指出支票付款存在的问题及带来的结果：有时店员可能不接受支票付款。 ［空格设置］本题考查句中做状语的程度副词largely，例句：He resigned largely because of the stories in the press.他的辞职多半是因为新闻界的一些报道。 ［干扰项设置］其他项都是常用副词，且thoroughly也是程度副词。例句：I know exactly how she felt.我完全清楚她的感受。Tell me what really happened.告诉我究竟发生了什么事。Now I really must go.我确实得走了。I’m thoroughly confused.我完全给搞糊涂了。The work had not been done very thoroughly.这工作做得不太认真。 2. ［A］ danger危险，危害 ［B］ chance可能性；机会，时机；风险 ［C］ risk危险，风险 ［D］ opportunity时机，机会 本题考核的知识点是：固定搭配。
［快速解题］上文说支票并非真正的钱（not real money），本身是没有价值的（valueless）。本句紧接着指出当店员接受支票时，他总是在……。根据逻辑，既然支票无价值，那么接受支票付款应当“存在风险性”，上下两句间暗含着因果的逻辑关系。空格处填入的名词做runs的宾语，runs a certain 2 即应表示店员“冒险”的含义。选项中，只有risk可以与run搭配，run the risk (of doing sth)/run risks表示“冒……的危险，冒险（做某事）”，符合文意。其他项或不符合文中搭配，或不符合文意，应排除。 ［篇章分析］③句是过渡句，由上文泛泛而谈支票支付的问题具体到在商店购物时使用支票的情况，并引出下文两段关于此的一次具体经历的讲述。
［空格设置］本题考查了risk的固定动宾搭配。例句：Investment is all about running risks.投资就是要冒风险。We don’t want to run the risk of losing their business.我们不想冒险失去他们的生意。其他包含risk的表示“冒险”的搭配还有at the risk of doing sth冒着……的风险，at risk to sb/sth冒伤及……的危险，take a risk/take risks（to do sth）冒险（做某事）。
［干扰项设置］其他项都是常用名词。其中，danger构成对risk的近义干扰，chance与opportunity近义，构成对risk的反义干扰。danger常做不可数名词，如：in/out of danger处于危险中/脱离危险，当表示“危险，坏事发生的可能性”时可用作可数或不可数，后面必须接of sth或that同位语从句进行修饰，如：There is a danger that the political disorder of the past will return.昔日的政治动乱现在有可能重演。chance常表示希望发生的事的可能性，如：There is no chance that he will change his mind.他不可能改变主意。它还与opportunity近义，表示“时机”，如：You’ll have the chance/opportunity to ask any questions at the end.你们最后
将有机会提问任何问题。注意chance也可指“风险，冒险”，常与take搭配，如：When installing electrical equipment don’t take any chances. A mistake could kill.安装电器设备时千万不要冒险，弄错了有可能出人命。
3. ［A］ within在（某段时间、距离、范围或限度）之内
［B］ beyond在（或向）……较远的一边；晚于；超出，多于，非所能及
［C］ without没有，缺乏；不和……在一起；不用，不拿，不带；不（做某事） ［D］ out of 出来，出去；远离；脱离，除去；从，用……制作；没有，缺少；由于 本题考核的知识点是：上下文语义+介词用法。
［快速解题］③句是由and连接的并列句，and表明分句间是承接关系，即分句内容一致：前一分句说明支票支付存在风险，后一分句即应说明拒绝支票的合理性；其次，根据下文内容，珠宝店的店员确实拒绝了主人公的支票并将事情通报经理，可见他的做法也是合理的。因此只有[A]within符合文意，它在文中指“（拒绝支票）在他（店员）的权力范围内”。 ［篇章分析］③句是由and连接的并列句，本题空格所在的后一分句的主语he即指第一个分句的主语a shop keeper，两个分句中分别含有由when和if引导的状语从句，从句中accepts与refuses反义复现。
［空格设置］本题通过考查介词实则考查了对上下文语义的理解。文中用到within“在……范围内”的抽象含义，例句：The question is not within the scope of this talk.那个问题不在本次会谈范围之内。
［干扰项设置］其他项都是常用的介词（词组），其中beyond与out of构成对within的反义干扰，without构成对within的形近干扰。例句：The road continues beyond the village up into the hills.那条路经过村子后又往上延伸到群山中。It won’t go on beyond midnight.这事不会延续到午夜以后。She got nothing beyond her state pension.除了政府发的养老金外，她什么都没有。The bicycle was beyond repair.自行车已坏得无法修理。They had gone two days without food.他们已经两天没吃东西了。Don’t go without me.别甩下我就走。He left without saying goodbye.他不辞而别。The ship sank ten miles out of Stockholm.那条船沉没在距斯德哥尔摩十英里外海。Try and stay out of trouble.尽量别惹麻烦。He drank his beer out of the bottle.他从瓶口直接喝啤酒。We’re out of milk.我们没有牛奶了。I asked out of curiosity.我因为好奇问了问。 4. ［A］ in difficulty在困难、困境中 ［B］ in doubt不肯定，不确定 ［C］ in earnest严肃地，认真地，郑重其事 ［D］ in question有疑问，不确定 本题考核的知识点是：固定搭配。
［快速解题］④句承接上文，说明人们并不总是知道这一点（店员有权在某些情况下拒收支票）而且如果他们的好信誉……他们会感到震惊。我们知道，支票是一种以信誉度为基础的支付手段，因此如果某人的信誉度有问题则他的支票就无法兑现（上文③句a certain risk即指着这样的风险），而这样的支票肯定不会被商店接受。空格处填入一个介词短语，is called 4 表明的是信誉度有问题（因而支票被拒）的情况。call sth in/into question是固定短语，意为“怀疑，引起怀疑”，它代入文中，指“好信誉受到质疑”，符合文意，因此选[D]。 ［篇章分析］④句是二段首句，承接上文③句，一起过渡到下文对一次具体支付经历的讲述。⑤句总起下文有关的讲述。④句的谓语部分是由and连接的一个动宾（do not always know this）和一个系表结构（are shocked震惊，惊愕），第一部分谓语中的宾语this指代上文③句内容，实现与上文的衔接。if…与⑤句中an extremely unpleasant experience呼应，引起下文的描述。 ［空格设置］本题考查了基本动词call的一个习语。例句：His honest has never been called into question.他的诚实从未受到过怀疑。注意in question也是一个固定短语，它可指“讨论或议论中的；有疑问，不确定”，如：On the day in question we were in Beijing.在所说的那一天，
我们在北京。The future of public transport is not in question.公共交通的未来发展是不容置疑的。
［干扰项设置］其他项都是常用的介词短语，其中in doubt构成对in question的近义干扰，但它并不与call搭配。例句：The bank is in difficulty.这家银行处境困难。The success of the system is not in doubt.这种制度成功确定无疑。The work on the house will begin in earnest on Monday.这栋房子的修建工作将在星期一正式开始。You may laugh but I’m in deadly earnest.你可以笑，不过我可是正经八百的。 5. ［A］ amount金额；数量，数额
［B］ stock现货，存货；贮备物，供应物；股本，股份 ［C］ number数字；数量，数额\\
［D］ store商店；贮存物；(stores)（某类）商品，物品；仓库 本题考核的知识点是：名词辨析。
［快速解题］空格所在部分是which引导的定语从句，修饰jewelry shop，说明的是珠宝店的存货。选项中stock可具体表示“（商店的）现货，存货”，而其他三项用于a large…of sth的结构中都指“大量的”，a store of还可指“一商店的……”，因此，只有stock准确地表达了文意，为最佳答案。
［空格设置］本题考查了stock的特殊含义，以及考生根据语境选择最恰当词汇的能力。We don’t carry a large stock of pine furniture.松木家具我们备货不多。a country’s housing stock一个国家的住房保有量；build up a good stock of teaching materials积累大量教学资料。
［干扰项设置］其他项都可用于文中a~ of的结构，且能使句意通顺。其中，store又构成对stock的近义干扰，如：her secret store of chocolate她私下存放的巧克力；a vast store of knowledge丰富的知识；medical/military stores医疗用品/军需品。an amount of后常接不可数名词，如：an amount of time/money/information一段时间/一笔钱/一些信息。a number of后接名词复数，如：a number of problems have arisen.已经出现了一些问题。 6. ［A］ in order妥当，适宜 ［B］ in need需要（~of）；缺乏 ［C］ in use使用中的 ［D］ in common共有，公用 本题考核的知识点是：上下文语义+介词短语。
［快速解题］空格所在的部分是that引导的宾语从句，说明的是店员说话的内容。空格处填入的介词短语在宾语从句中做表语，表明：店员表示这样（用支票支付）是……。根据上下文意，店员开始时是接受支票支付的，即认为这样做是“妥当的”，只有in order符合文意。其他项代入文中都无法与上下文语义衔接，应排除。
［空格设置］此处考查介词短语in order，一是因为它需要根据上下文语义作出判断，同时它本身含义较多，也是应掌握的知识点。它可意为“有条理”，如：It was time she put her life in order.她到了该好好安排自己生活的时候了。“有秩序，有规矩”，如：to keep the class in order保持课堂秩序；“（正式文件）（依法）有效”，如：Is your work permit in order？你的工作许可证有效吗？“就绪”，如：Is everything in order, sir?一切准备就绪了吗，先生？及文中考查的生僻含义“妥当，适宜”，如：I think a drink would be in order.我想应该喝杯饮料了吧。 ［干扰项设置］其他项都是由“in+名词”构成的介词短语。例句：The house is in need of a thorough clean.这房子需要来个大扫除。to provide assistance to people in need向贫困者提供帮助。The chapel was built in the 12th century and is still in use today.这座小教堂建于12世纪，今天仍在使用。They hold the property as tenants in common.作为共同租赁人，他们共同占有这份房地产。
7. ［A］ whether是否，表选择 ［B］ if如果，表条件；是否，表选择 ［C］ otherwise否则，不然，表转折 ［D］unless除非，如果不，表条件
本题考核的知识点是：句内逻辑关系。
［快速解题］空格所在句子说明：当我的朋友起身要离开时，经理告诉他说警察就要来了，他最好待在这里。that the police would arrive和(that) he had better stay是told的并列的宾语从句，而空格处填入一个连词，连接的是第二个宾语从句内部的两个分句，即he had better stay和he wanted to get into serious trouble。根据文意，只有unless代入文中符合逻辑，即“警察就要来了，如果他不想惹大麻烦就最好待在这。”因此选[D]。 ［空格设置］○11句较长，unless体现的是句子第二层的逻辑关系，需要层层理顺句子结构做出正确判断。
［干扰项设置］其他项都是常用的表示逻辑关系的连词（whether，if））或副词（otherwise）。otherwise例句：We are committed to the project. Otherwise we wouldn’t be here.我们是来全心全意投入这项工作的，否则我们就不会到这里来了。 8. ［A］ Really事实上，真正地；确实，的确，表强调 ［B］ Sure enough果真，果然 ［C］ Certainly无疑，确定，肯定 ［D］ However但是，表转折
本题考核的知识点是：句间逻辑关系+副词辨析。
［快速解题］空格在句首，以逗号与句子其他部分隔开，做整个句子的状语。上文说到警察很快就会来，本句则说警察不久就来了，句间是顺承关系，首先排除表示转折的however。其他三项都含有“真的，确定”的含义，但really表示指出事实或强调观点等，且不能修饰整个句子，在含义和语法上都不符合，应排除；certainly可修饰句子，但强调某事确定会发生，而文中“警察到了”是已经发生的事，它代入文中时间上相矛盾，应排除。只有sure enough表示不出所料，“果然……”，代入文中文意通畅，即经理说警察很快就来，而“果然警察不久就到了”，因此选[B]。
［空格设置］此处sure enough表明了句间的逻辑关系，且它本身也不为考生所熟悉，是需要掌握一个难点。例句：I said he’d forget, and sure enough he did.我说他会忘记，他果然就忘了。 类似的“副词+enough”构成的副词短语还有curiously/oddly/strangely enough奇怪的是，right enough当然，不可否认。
［干扰项设置］干扰项中however也是常用逻辑词，而really与certainly构成sure enough的近义干扰。例句：Tell me what really happened.告诉我究竟发生了什么事。He really likes you.他的确喜欢你。Certainly, the early learning years are crucial to a child’s educational development.毫无疑问，开头几年的启蒙教育对儿童的发展至关重要。 9. ［A］ treatment对待，待遇 ［B］ manner举止，态度；（manners）礼貌，习俗 ［C］ inconvenience不便，麻烦 ［D］ behaviour行为，举止，态度 本题考核的知识点是：上下文语义。
［快速解题］空格处填入的名词做for的介词宾语，apologize to sb for sth意为“因某事向某人道歉”，文中是指“他们(警察)因……向我的朋友道歉”。根据文意，警察暂时阻留了我的朋友，因该是给我的朋友造成了“不便”，而他们具体有何“态度、行为”或我的朋友受到何种“对待”均无法从文中得知，因此排除其他三项，选[C]。 ［空格设置］此处通过考查名词实则考察了考生对上下文意的理解，及根据语境选择恰当的词的能力。例句：We apologize for the delay and regret any inconvenience it may have caused.我们对此次延误以及因此造成的所有可能不便表示道歉。
［干扰项设置］其他项都是表示待人的行为或态度的名词。例句：the brutal treatment of political prisoners对狱中政治犯的残酷虐待。to have an aggressive/a friendly manner有这一副
咄咄逼人的/友好的态度；to have good/bad manners有/没有礼貌。a social/criminal behaviour社会/犯罪行为。
10. ［A］ read阅读，朗读；写着，写成是；读数为 ［B］ told告诉；提供（情况）；讲述 ［C］ wrote书写；写作；开（支票），填（表格等） ［D］ informed通知；了解，熟悉 本题考核的知识点是：动词辨析。
［快速解题］空格处填入的动词做句子谓语动词，其主语为note（便条），宾语是引用的部分，说明便条的内容，该动词说明的即应是“便条上写着……”。能表达“在……上写着”并直接接所写内容的只有read（注意这里read是过去式），其他项虽然都有“写、告知”的含义，但均不符合文中用法，应排除。因此选[A]。
［空格设置］本题考查了基础动词read的特殊用法。例句：The sign read “No admittance”.告示牌上写着“禁止入内”。 ［干扰项设置］其他项都是相关的表示写、说、告知信息的基础动词。例句：The advertisement told us very little about the product.这则广告提供的产品情况极少。Please inform us of any changes of address.地址若有变动请随时通知我们。to inform ourselves thoroughly of the problem对这个问题有透彻的了解。
三、全文翻译
由于支票到处被广泛接受，它已在很大程度上代替钱币成为一种交换手段。虽然这给买卖双方都带来了便利，但我们不应忘记支票并非真钱：它们本身毫无价值。一位店员在接受支票（支付）时总是冒着一定的风险；而如果在某种情况下，他拒绝接受支票，那也完全是在他的权力范围之内。
人们并不总是了解这一点，而且当他们的好信誉受到怀疑时他们惊愕万分。我的一位年事已高、非常富有的朋友曾给我讲述过他的一次极不愉快的经历。他去了一家著名的有大量珍奇珠宝存货的珠宝店，要求看一些珍珠项链。在看了几个托盘的项链后，他决定买一串特别精美的珍珠并且询问是否可以用支票支付。店员说这完全合适，但我的朋友刚把名签好他就被请到了经理办公室。
经理很客气，但他解释说不久前有人用了完全相同的名字，却给了他们一张空头支票。听到这些后，我的朋友非常生气，说他将去别处买项链。当他起身要走时，经理告诉他说警察马上会来，如果他不想惹上大麻烦的话，就最好待在这。果然，警察不久就来了。他们为引起的不便向我的朋友道歉，但解释说有一个用了和他相同名字的人制造了最近几起抢劫案。然后警察要求我的朋友抄写一份便条，那是盗贼在几家商店使用过的。便条上写着：“我口袋里有枪。别问任何问题，把保险柜里的钱全部给我。”幸运的是，我朋友的笔迹与盗贼的完全不同。他不仅被马上准许离开，并且还带走了那串项链。
Section II Reading Comprehension
Each of the two passages below is followed by five questions. For each question there are four answers. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Put your choice in the brackets on the left. (10 points)
Text 1
①For centuries men dreamed of achieving vertical flight. ②In 400 A.D. Chinese children played
with a fan-like toy that spun upwards and fell back to earth as rotation ceased. ③Leonardo da Vinci conceive the first mechanical apparatus, called a “Helix,” which could carry man straight up, but was only a design and was never tested.
①The ancient-dream was finally realized in 1940 when a Russian engineer piloted a strange looking craft of steel tubing with a rotating fan on top. ②It rose awkwardly and vertically into the air from a standing start, hovered a few feet above the ground, went sideways and backwards, and then settled back to earth. ③The vehicle was called a helicopter.
①Imaginations were fired. ②Men dreamed of going to work in their own personal helicopters. ③People anticipate that vertical flight transports would carry millions of passengers as do the airliners of today. ④Such fantastic expectations were not fulfilled.
①The helicopter has now become an extremely useful machine. ②It excels in military missions, carrying troops, guns and strategic instruments where other aircraft cannot go. ③Corporations use them as airborne offices, many metropolitan areas use them in police work, construction and logging companies employ them in various advantageous ways, engineers use them for site selection and surveying, and oil companies use them as the best way to make offshore and remote work stations accessible to crews and supplies. ④Any urgent mission to a hard-to-get-to place is a likely task for a helicopter. ⑤Among their other multitude of uses: deliver people across town, fly to and from airports, assist in rescue work, and aid in the search for missing or wanted persons.
一、词汇
1.vertical a. 垂直的 2.spin n./v. 旋转 3.rotation n. 旋转 4.conceive v. 构思 5.apparatus n.装置，器具 6.pilot v. 试点，试行（产品、理念等） 7.tubing n. 装管，配管 8.multitude of 大量 9.deliver v. 递送
二、长难句
1. Leonardo da Vinci conceive the first mechanical apparatus, called a “Helix,” which could carry man straight up, but was only a design and was never tested.
该句主干为Leonardo da Vinci conceive the first mechanical apparatus，过去分词短语called …和which引导的定语从句都做后置定语，修饰先行词apparatus。从句的谓语是but连接的两个并列动词短语could carry …和was only a design …。 翻译：李奥纳多·达芬奇构想出首个名为“螺旋”（Helix）的机械装置，它可以带人垂直上升，但这只是一种设计而从未进行测试。
2. It excels in military missions, carrying troops, guns and strategic instruments where other aircraft cannot go.
该句主干为It excels in military missions，现在分词结构carrying …做状语，where引导地点状语从句。
翻译：它在执行军事任务上表现极为出色，因为它可以运送军队、武器及战略设备到其他飞行器所无法到达的地方。
三、文章结构分析
这篇文章主要介绍直升机的产生、发展、结构及用途。
第一段叙述直升机产生的动机：人类的垂直飞行梦想，并以古时中国儿童的玩具以及达芬奇的构想为例说明这一梦想由来已久。
第二段介绍直升机的产生及结构：俄国工程师于1940年制造出直升机；它为钢制，上方装有旋转扇，可以垂直上升，在空中盘旋并落回地面。
第三段指出直升机的未来发展：人们期望直升机能够广泛使用，运载大量乘客。但这一梦想还未实现。
第四段叙述直升机的广泛用途：可以用于军事、商业、科技、民用；可以承担任何难以到达地方的紧急任务。
四、试题具体分析
11. People expect that ________. 11． 人们期望________。
[A] the airliners of today would eventually be [A] 如今的班机最终会被直升机所取代。 replaced by helicopters
[B] helicopters would someday be able to transport [B] 未来的直升机可以像如今的班机一large number of people from place to place as 样将大量人群从一个地方运送到另一个airliners are now doing 地方。
[C] the imaginations fired by the Russian engineer’s [C] 由俄国工程师所激发的想象力可以invention would become a reality in the future 在未来成为现实。
[D] their fantastic expectations about helicopters [D] 他们对于直升机的幻想可以由如今could be fulfilled by airliners of today 的班机得以实现。 【分析】本题所考查的知识点是：具体细节题。 由题干关键词people expect定位到文章第三段②句（“people anticipate”）。该句指出，人们期望垂直飞行交通手段（即直升机）能像如今的班机一样可以承载成千上万的乘客。[B]选项是对此句的同义改写，为正确项。
[A]选项过度引申，文中提到人们希望直升机可以达到班机的运载量，但并没有说明班机会被直升机所取代。[C]选项利用文中出现词语Russian engineer和imagination捏造无关干扰。[D]选项张冠李戴，第三段最后一句明确指出人们对于直升机的期望并未实现。 12. Helicopters work with the aid of ________. 12. 直升机工作时需要________的协助。 [A] a combination of rotating devices in front and [A] 前方和上方的旋转设备联合工作 on top
[B] a rotating device topside [B] 上方的旋转设备
[C] one rotating fan in the center of the aircraft and [C] 飞行器中央和两端的螺旋桨 others at each end
[D] a rotating fan underneath for lifting [D] 下方帮助抬升的螺旋桨 【分析】本题所考查的知识点是：具体细节题。
本题考查直升机的结构，具体来说，是直升机螺旋桨的位置。第二段①句指出，首架直升机是一种外形奇特的钢铁制飞行器，上面装有一个螺旋桨，即螺旋桨位于直升机的顶部。[B]选项正确。
13. What is said about the development of the 13． 关于直升机的发展，以下哪一项是正确helicopter? 的？
[A] Helicopters have only been worked on by [A] 人们自1940年以来才开始制造直升机。 man since 1940.
[B] Chinese children were the first to achieve [B] 中国儿童是最初实现直升机飞行的。
flight in helicopters.
[C] Helicopters were considered more [C] 直升机被认为比早期飞机更危险。 dangerous than the early airplanes.
[D] Some people thought they would become [D] 一些人认为它们可以为普通人广泛使widely used by average individuals. 用。 【分析】本题所考查的知识点是：综合细节题。 文章第三段指出，人们梦想乘坐直升机上下班，期望它能够像如今的班机一样能够运载大量乘客。[D]选项是对这一想法的概括，为正确项。 文章第一段首句指出，垂直飞行一直是人们的梦想，随后以古时中国儿童的玩具说明这一梦想由来已久，并以达芬奇的构想设计说明人们在实现这一梦想方面早已做出尝试，排除[A]选项。[B]选项张冠李戴，第二段明确指出直升机于1940年由俄国工程师发明。[C]选项利用文中出现词语helicopter和airplane捏造的无关比较。
14. How has the use of helicopters developed? 14. 直升机的用途如何发展？ [A] They have been widely used for various [A] 它们被广泛用于各种目的。 purposes.
[B] They are taking the place of high-flying [B] 它们取代高空飞行喷气式飞机。 jets.
[C] They are used for rescue work. [C] 它们被用于救援工作。
[D] They are now used exclusively for [D] 它们如今被专用于商业项目。 commercial projects.
【分析】本题所考查的知识点是：具体细节题。
由题干中的关键词use of helicopter定位到文章第四段。第四段详细描述了直升机的各种用途，包括军事、商业、科技、民用等等。[A]选项的widely used和various purposes概括了第四段的内容，为正确项。
[B]选项无中生有。[C]和[D]选项以偏概全，救援与商业项目仅仅是直升机多种用途的两个方面而已，并不能概括直升机的所有用途。
15. Under what conditions are helicopters 15. 在以下哪种情况下，直升机是必须的？ found to be absolutely essential?
[A] For overseas passenger transportation. [A] 跨洋旅客运送 [B] For extremely high altitude flights. [B] 极高纬度飞行 [C] For high-speed transportation. [C] 高速度交通
[D] For urgent mission to places inaccessible to [D] 其他飞行器无法到达地方的紧急任务 other kinds of craft.
【分析】本题所考查的知识点是：具体细节题。
第四段②句指出，直升机可以到达其他飞行器所无法到达的地方。④句明确指出，任何难以到达地方的紧急任务都可能成为直升机的工作。[D]选项是这两句话的综合表述，为正确项。 [A]、[B]和[C]选项皆是利用文中出现词语passenger、flight和transportation捏造的无关干扰，从文中无从推知。
五、全文翻译
长久以来，垂直飞行一直是人们的梦想。公元400年，中国儿童所玩的一种扇形玩具可以旋转上升，一旦旋转停止，它便落回地面。李奥纳多·达芬奇构想出首个名为“螺旋”（Helix）的机械装置，它可以带人垂直上升，但这只是一种设计而从未进行测试。
这一由来已久的梦想终于在1940年得以实现。俄国工程师试制了一种外形奇特的钢铁飞行
器，它上面装有一个螺旋桨。它可以从初始位置笨拙地垂直上升，在离地几英尺的地方盘旋，左右和前后移动，然后落回地面。这种工具被称为直升机。 想象力就此激发。人们梦想乘坐自己的私人直升机上下班。他们期望垂直飞行交通手段能像如今的班机那样，承载几百万的乘客。但是，这样的幻想却还未实现。 直升机如今已经成为极为有用的机器。它在执行军事任务上表现极为出色，因为它可以运送军队、武器及战略设备到其他飞行器所无法到达的地方。公司将直升机用作空中办公室；很多大都市区在警察工作中使用直升机；建筑与测井公司以各种先进的方法使用直升机；工程师使用直升机来选择并调查工作地；石油公司使用直升机来为离岸和偏远工作站运送人员与供应。任何难以到达地方的紧急任务都可能成为直升机的工作。它们的其他大量用途中还包括：跨地运送人员、机场来回运送、救援工作协助以及协助搜索失踪人口或通缉犯。
Text 2
①In ancient Greece athletic festivals were very important and had strong religious associations. ②The Olympian athletic festival held every four years in honor of Zeus, king of the Olympian Gods, eventually lost its local character, became first a national event and then, after the rules against foreign competitors had been abolished, international. ③No one knows exactly how far back the Olympic Games go, but some official records date from 776 B.C.
①The games took place in August on the plain by Mount Olympus. ②Many thousands of spectators gathered from all parts of Greece, but no married woman was admitted even as a spectator. ③Slaves, women and dishonored persons were not allowed to compete. ④The exact sequence of events uncertain, but events included boy’s gymnastics, boxing, wrestling, horse racing and field events, though there were fewer sports involved than in the modern Olympic Games.
①On the last day of the Games, all the winners were honored by having a ring of holy olive leaves placed on their heads. ②So great was the honor that the winner of the foot race gave his name to the year of his victory. ③Although Olympic winners received no prize money, they were, in fact, richly rewarded by their state authorities. ④How their results compared with modern standards, we unfortunately have no means of telling.
①After an uninterrupted history of almost 1,200 years, the Games were suspended by the Romans in 394 A.D. ②They continued for such a long time because people believed in the philosophy behind the Olympics: the idea that a healthy body produced a healthy mind, and that the spirit of competition in sports and games was preferable to the competition that caused wars. ③It was over 1,500 years before another such international athletic gathering took place in Athens in 1896. ①Nowadays, the Games are held in different countries in turn. ②The host country provides vast facilities, including a stadium, swimming pools and living accommodation, but competing courtries pay their own athletes’ expenses.
①The Olympics start with the arrival in the stadium of a torch, lighted on Mount Olympus by the sun’s rays. ②It is carried by a succession of runners to the stadium. ③The torch symbolized the continuation of the ancient Greek athletic ideals, and it burns throughout the Games until the closing ceremony. ④The well-known Olympic flag, however, is a modern conception: the five interlocking rings symbolize the uniting of all five continents participating in the Games.
一、词汇
1.bolish vt. 彻底废除，废止 2 spectator n. 观众 3.involve vt. 使卷入，使参与 4.holy a.神圣的，圣洁的 5.suspend vt.暂停，中止 6.accommodation n. 住处，膳宿 7.succession n.一连串，一系列 二、长难句
1.The Olympian athletic festival held every four years in honor of Zeus, king of the Olympian Gods, eventually lost its local character, became first a national event and then, after the rules against foreign competitors had been abolished, international.
该句主语为The Olympian athletic festival，谓语为一系列的动词held …，lost …, became first a national event and then international (event)。
翻译：奥林匹克运动节每四年举办一次，最后失去了区域性特征，先是演变为全国性的运动会，当反对外国运动员参赛的规定被废除后，又继而成为了国际性的运动会。
2. The exact sequence of events uncertain, but events included boy’s gymnastics, boxing, wrestling, horse racing and field events, though there were fewer sports involved than in the modern Olympic Games.
该句主干为The exact sequence of events (were) uncertain, but events included boy’s gymnastics, boxing, wrestling, horse racing and field events，though引导让步状语从句。
翻译：项目的顺序不确定，但包括男子体操、拳击、摔跤、赛马以及一些田径项目，尽管这相对于现代运动会来说项目很少。
3. They continued for such a long time because people believed in the philosophy behind the Olympics: the idea that a healthy body produced a healthy mind, and that the spirit of competition in sports and games was preferable to the competition that caused wars.
该句为主从复合句：主句部分为They continued，because引导原因状语从句。从句的主干为people believed in the philosophy，冒号后面部分为philosophy的同位语，对其予以解释说明。该同位语的中心名词是the idea，后面接有两个并列的that引导的定语从句。 翻译：奥运会之所以能够在如此长的一段时间内连续举办是因为人们相信奥林匹克蕴含的精神：健康的体魄产生健康的思想，体育运动中的竞争精神优于导致战争的竞争。
三、文章结构分析
本文是一篇介绍奥运会的的发展史的说明文。
第一到四段：介绍古代奥运会。第一段介绍古代奥运会的起源及发展过程。第二段指出古代奥运会对参赛资格的限定以及其包含的赛事。第三段介绍获胜者得到的荣誉和奖赏。第四段指出古代奥运会能够连续举办很长时间的原因并提及随后出现的中断。
第五、六段：介绍现代奥运会。第五段简介现代奥运会的轮办制。第六段简介奥运火炬的采集、传递以及奥运会会旗所代表的意义。
四、试题具体分析
16. In ancient Greece, the Olympic Games 16. 在古希腊，奥运会______。 ________.
[A] were merely national athletic festivals [A] 只是全国性的运动节日
[B] were in the nature of a national event with a [B] 是带有强烈的宗教色彩的全国性活动 strong religious colour
[C] had rules which put foreign participants in a [C] 曾经有使外国参赛者处于劣势地位（B）disadvantageous position 的规定
[D] were primarily national events with few [D] 基本上是没有外国参赛者的国内活动 foreign participants
[分析] 本题考查的知识点是：事实细节题。
第一段②句说明古代奥运会演变的历史：由地区性的到全国性的再到世界性的。该句指出，当对外国参赛者不利的规定取消后，奥运会成为国际性的活动。其言外之意是，古希腊的奥运会规定曾对外国参赛者不利，[C]选项正确。 [A]和[B]限于national，因此错误。文章并未提及奥运会中外国参赛者的数量的多少，因此[D]选项没有依据。
17. In the early days of ancient Olympic 17. 在古希腊奥运会的早期_______。 Games ________.
[A] only male Greek athletes were allowed to [A] 只有男性希腊运动员才被允许参赛比赛 participate in the games
[B] all Greeks, irrespective of sex, religion or [B] 所有性别、宗教信仰、社会地位的希腊social status, were allowed to take part 人都被允许参赛
[C] all Greeks, with the exception of women, [C] 所有希腊人（妇女除外）都被允许参赛 were allowed to compete in Games
[D] all male Greeks were qualified to compete [D] 所有的希腊男性都有资格参赛 in the Games
[分析]本题考查的知识点是：事实细节题。
第二段③句指出，奴隶、妇女和声誉不好的人不允许参赛。[A]选项符合文义。
[B]选项的irrespective of sex, social status反向干扰。[C]、[D]选项没有将奴隶和声誉不好的人排除，不合文义。
18. The order of athletic events at the ancient 18. 古代奥运会中，比赛项目的顺序_____。 Olympics ________.
[A] has not definitely been established [A] 没有确定。
[B] varied according to the number of foreign [B] 根据外国参赛者数目的不同而不同 competitors
[C] was decided by Zeus, in whose honor the [C] 由举办奥运会旨在纪念的（A）宙斯确定。 Games were held
[D] was considered unimportant [D] 被认为是不重要的事情 [分析]本题考查知识点：事实细节题。
第二段④句指出，奥运会比赛项目的顺序不完全确定，[A]选项为该内容的同义改写，为正确选项。[B]、[C]和[D]文中均未提及, 因此排除。
19. Modern athletes’ results cannot be 19. 无法将现代运动员的成绩与古代的参赛compared with those of ancient runners because 者相比是因为___. _____.
[A] the Greeks had no means of recording the [A] 希腊当时没有记录成绩的方法 results
[B] they are much better [B] 他们的成绩好得多
[C] details such as the time were not recorded [C] 过去没有记录时间等细节 in the past
[D] they are much worse [D] 他们的成绩差得多 [分析] 推理判断题。
第三段末句讲到古希腊奥运会运动员的成绩和现代运动员的成绩相比较究竟如何时，作者谈
到we unfortunately have no means of telling（我们没有判断的依据）。此处，means意为objects or systems by which a result is achieved；tell意为to judge sth correctly。据此可知，[C]选项为合理推断。同时可知[B]、[D]错误。根据文章我们无法推知是希腊人没有办法记录这些成绩，还是我们无法得到这些记录，因此 [A]过于绝对。
20. Nowadays, the athletes’ expenses are paid 20．现在，运动员的花费由____支付。 for ________.
[A] out of the prize money of the winners [A] 获胜者的奖金 [B] out of the funds raised by the competing [B] 参赛国筹集的基金 nations
[C] by the athletes themselves [C] 运动员自己 [D] by contributions [D] 捐助资金 [分析]本题考查的知识点是：事实细节题。
第五段②句指出，各国运动员的费用由本国负责（competing countries pay their own athletes’ expenses），因此[B]正确。
五、全文翻译
在古希腊，运动节日非常重要且与宗教紧密相关。为纪念奥林匹亚山的众神之主宙斯， 奥林匹克运动节每四年举办一次，最后失去了区域性特征，先是演变为全国性的运动会，当反对外国运动员参赛的规定被废除后，又继而成为了国际性的运动会。没有人确切地知道奥运会可以追溯到何时，但是一些官方记录始于公元前776年。 运动会八月份在奥林匹斯山旁边的平原举行。成千上万的观众从希腊各地聚集到这里，但是已婚妇女连做观众的资格都没有。奴隶、妇女和那些声誉不好的人不允许参加竞赛。项目的顺序不确定，但包括男子体操、拳击、摔跤、赛马以及一些田径项目，尽管这相对于现代运动会来说项目很少。 在比赛的最后一天，所有的获胜者将会头戴一个由橄榄树叶编成的圣洁花环。赛跑获胜者会获得极高的荣誉：他获胜的这一年将会以他的名字来命名。尽管奥运会获胜者不会获得任何奖金，但实际上，他们会获得城邦政府所给予的丰厚奖赏。遗憾的是，至于他们的比赛成绩与现代标准相比究竟如何，我们没有依据作出判断。
经过大约1200 年连续的历史之后，奥运会在公元394年被罗马人取消了。奥运会之所以能够在如此长的一段时间内连续举办是因为人们相信奥林匹克蕴含的精神：健康的体魄产生健康的思想，体育运动中的竞争精神优于导致战争的竞争。大约1500年之后，这样的国际性运动员大聚会于1896年在雅典重新举行。 现在，奥运会在不同的国家轮流举办。主办国提供大量的设施，包括体育场、游泳池和住处，但是运动员的花费由参赛国自己负责。
由奥林匹斯山上的阳光点燃的火炬进入体育场标志着奥运会正式开始。多人跑步将其接力传递到体育场。火炬象征着古希腊运动思想的延续，它将一直燃烧到运动会的闭幕式。但著名的奥运会会旗却是一个现代的概念；串连在一起的五环象征着参加运动会的五个大洲紧密团结在一起。 Text 3
①In science the meaning of the word “explain” suffers with civilization’s every step in search of reality. ②Science cannot really explain electricity, magnetism, and gravitation; their effects can be measured and predicted, but of their nature no more is known to the modern scientist than to Thales who first looked into the nature of the electrification of amber, a hard yellowish-brown
gum. ③Most contemporary physicists reject the notion that man can ever discover what these mysterious forces “really” are. ④“Electricity,” Bertrand Russell says, “is not a thing, like St. Paul’s Cathedral; it is a way in which things behave. ⑤When we have told how things behave when they are electrified, and under what circumstances they are electrified, we have told all there is to tell.” ⑥Until recently scientists would have disapproved of such an idea. ⑦Aristotle, for example, whose natural science dominated Western thought for two thousand years, believed that man could arrive at an understanding of reality by reasoning from self-evident principles. ⑧He felt, for example, that it is a self-evident principle that everything in the universe has its proper place, hence one can deduce that objects fall to the ground because that’s where they belong, and smoke goes up because that’s where it belongs. ⑨The goal of Aristotelian science was to explain why things happen. ⑩Modern science was born when Galileo began trying to explain how things happen and thus originated the method of controlled experiment which now forms the basis of scientific investigation.
一、词汇
1. electrification 带电 2. dominate 有巨大影响 3. disapprove 不赞同 4.self-evident不证自明的 5. contemporary当代的 6. gravitation 重力 7. amber 琥珀 8. gum 橡胶 二、长难句
1. Science cannot really explain electricity, magnetism, and gravitation; their effects can be measured and predicted, but of their nature no more is known to the modern scientist than to Thales who first looked into the nature of the electrification of amber, a hard yellowish-brown gum.
该句为分号连接的两个并列句。第二个分句又是but连接的两个并列分句，其中but后的分句的主干是no more is known to the modern scientist than to Thales，介词短语of their nature做后置定语，修饰no more，who引导的定语从句做后置定语，限制修饰Thales。 翻译：科学无法真正解释电、磁及重力；我们可以测量并推断其效应，但对于其本质的了解，没有哪位现代科学家能够超越琥珀（一种坚硬的黄褐色橡胶）带电的首位研究者泰利斯。 2. Aristotle, for example, whose natural science d Western thought for two thousand years, believed that man could arrive at an understanding of reality by reasoning from self-evident principles.
该句中的插入语for example表明它与上文是例证关系。句子的主干是Aristotle believed that，主谓之间插入了whose引导的定语从句，修饰限定主语Aristotle。that后接宾语从句，该从句的主干是man could arrive at an understanding of reality，介词短语bv …做方式状语。 翻译：例如，其自然科学主导西方研究两千年的亚里士多德认为，人类能够通过推理不证自明的原理，达到对现实的了解。
3. He felt, for example, that it is a self-evident principle that everything in the universe has its proper place, hence one can deduce that objects fall to the ground because that’s where they belong, and smoke goes up because that’s where it belongs.
该句的插入语for example表明它与上文是例证关系。句子的主干是He felt that，that引导宾语从句。从句的主干是it is a self-evident principle that，其中it为形式主语，that引导的主语从句做真正的主语。主语从句是一个主从符合句，hence引导结果状语从句。该状语从句中又嵌套了that引导的宾语从句。
翻译：比如，他认为，“宇宙万物皆有其位”是一条不证自明的原理，由此可以推断，物体下落是因为它们属于地面，烟雾上升是因为它属于天空。
4. Modern science was born when Galileo began trying to explain how things happen and thus originated the method of controlled experiment which now forms the basis of scientific investigation.
该句为主从复合句，when引导时间状语从句。从句的主干是Galileo began trying to explain … and thus originated the method，句末which引导定语从句，修饰先行词the method of controlled experiment。 翻译：当伽利略试图解释事情如何得以发生的，从而引入了现在已是科学研究基本形式的控制实验法时，现代科学应运而生了。
三、文章结构分析
本文以“explain”一词在科学领域的含义的变化为切入点，通过引用历史上著名科学家的观点并简要分析他们在历史上的成就，阐明科学的目的在于解释现实，而这也是科学发展的使命及现代科学研究的基石。本文主要采用了引证法、例证法以及因果论证法。 第一句：提出全文主旨，即随着人类文明探索现实的进步，“解释”一词的在科学领域的意义在日益退步。
第二至五句：指出现代科学的看法：人类无法解释电、磁等神秘力量的本质。 第六至九句：以亚里士多德为例指出以前的科学家的看法：人类能够通过对不证自明的原理进行推理，发现这些神秘力量的本质，即解释事情为何发生。 第十句：现代科学旨在解释现实中的事情如何发生。
四、试题具体分析
21. The aim of controlled scientific 21．控制科学实验的目的是______。 experiments is ________.
[A] to explain why things happen [A] 解释事情为什么发生 [B] to explain how things happen [B] 解释事情如何发生 [C] to describe self-evident principles [C] 描述不证自明的原理 [D] to support Aristotelian science [D] 支持亚里士多德科学 [分析] 本题考查知识点：事实细节题
根据题干关键词controlled scientific experiments定位到文章最后一句。该句指出，控制实验法形成于伽利略试图解释事情如何得以发生之时。由此可知，控制科学实验的目的在于解释事情是如何发生的，[B]为正确选项。
[A]选项张冠李戴，该内容为为亚里士多德科学的目的。[C]、[D]分别为利用文中关键词self-evident principles和Aristotelian science捏造的干扰。
22. What principles most influenced scientific 22．两千年来，对科学思想影响最大的原理thought for two thousand years? 是______。 [A] the speculations of Thales [A] 泰利斯推测
[B] the forces of electricity, magnetism, and [B] 电、磁、重力等力量 gravity
[C] Aristotle’s natural science [C] 亚里士多德的自然科学 [D] Galileo’s discoveries [D] 伽利略的发现 [分析]本题考核的知识点是：事实细节题。
文章⑦句指出，亚里士多德的自然科学主宰(dominate)西方科学长达2000年之久，dominate此处意为have a lot of influence over sb or sth， [C]选项正确。
23. Bertrand Russell’s notion about electricity 23．伯特兰·罗素关于电的理念______。 is ________.
[A] disapproved of by most modern scientists [A] 为大多数现代科学家所否认
[B] in agreement with Aristotle’s theory of [B] 和亚里士多德的不证自明原理理论相一self-evident principles 致
[C] in agreement with scientific investigation [C] 和旨在解释事情如何发生的科学研究相directed toward “how” things happen 一致
[D] in agreement with scientific investigation [D] 和旨在解释事情为何发生的科学研究相directed toward “why” things happen 一致 [分析]本题考核的知识点是：细节综合题。
根据题干中人物关键词Bertrand Russell定位到文章④句。该句描述了罗素对于电的解释：电不是一种物质，而是物质的一种行为方式。我们所能知道的只是物质带电的表现和条件。由此可知，其观点和旨在解释事情如何发生的科学研究相一致，how things behave when they are electrified, and under what circumstances they are electrified 即为对how things happen的具体阐述，故[C]选项正确，同时排除[D]选项。
文中并没有提及现代科学家对罗素关于电的理念的看法，也没有提及它和亚里士多德不证自明原理理论的联系，[A]、[B]选项无中生有。
24. The passage says that until recently 24．本文提到，直到最近，科学家才开始同scientists disagreed with the idea ________. 意____的观点
[A] that there are mysterious forces in the [A] 宇宙中存在神秘力量 universe
[B] that man cannot discover what forces [B] 人类无法发现力量“到底”是什么 “really” are
[C] that there are self-evident principles [C] 确实存在不证自明原理
[D] that we can discover why things behave as [D] 我们能够发现事物为什么表现出特定的they do 行为 [分析] 本题考核知识点：观点细节题。
文章③句指出，当代物理学家大都否认人类能够发现这些神秘力量‘到底’是什么。④⑤句以伯特兰·罗素对电的看法为例证明第三句说法。该部分指出，罗素认为我们只能说明物质带电的行为和条件(，而无法解释其本质)。⑥句用虚拟语气指出，不久以前的科学家还不同意这一观点（人类无法发现这些神秘力量的本质），即，科学家只是最近才开始同意这一观点。紧接着⑦句以亚里士多德的观点为例证明⑥句说法。该部分指出，亚里士多德认为人类“可以发现“这些神秘力量的本质（man could arrive at an understanding of reality）。综上所述，[B]选项正确。 由上文分析可知，无论是2000年前的科学家还是现在的科学家都承认宇宙中存在神秘力量，[A]项与文意不符。[C]、[D]两项则没有提及。
25. Modern science came into being 25．现代科学形成于____时。 ________.
[A] when the method of controlled experiment [A] 最初引入控制实验法 was first introduced
[B] when Galileo succeeded in explaining how [B] 伽利略成功地解释事情如何发生
things happen
[C] when Aristotelian scientist tried to explain [C] 亚里士多德派科学家试图解释为何事情why things happen 会发生时
[D] when scientists were able to acquire an [D] 科学家通过推理了解了现实 understanding of reality of reasoning
[分析] 本题考查知识点：事实细节题。 根据题干定位到文章最后一句。该句指出，现代科学形成于伽利略引入控制实验法以试图解释事情如何发生之时。故[A]选项正确，同时否定[C]选项。[B]选项偷梁换柱，将began trying to改为succeed in，从而产生含义偏差。[D]选项将尚未发生的事情当作已经实现的事实。⑦句只提到亚里士多德相信人类可以通过推理了解现实，但由文中论述可知这并未实现。
五、全文翻译
随着人类文明探索现实的进步，“解释”一词的在科学领域的含义却在日益退步。科学无法真正解释电、磁及重力；我们可以测量并推断其效应，但对于其本质的了解，没有哪位现代科学家能够超越琥珀（一种坚硬的黄褐色橡胶）带电的首位研究者泰利斯。当代物理学家大都否认“人类能够发现这些神秘力量‘到底’是什么”的理念。伯特兰·罗素说“电不像圣保罗大教堂一样，是一种事物；它是事物行为的一种方式。我们所能断言的全部就是事物带电后的行为及其带电的环境”。不久以前，科学家们还不赞同这种观点（人类不能发现这些神秘力量的本质）。例如，其自然科学主导西方研究两千年的亚里士多德认为，人类能够通过推理不证自明的原理，达到对现实的了解。比如，他认为，“宇宙万物皆有其位”是一条不证自明的原理，由此可以推断，物体下落是因为它们属于地面，烟雾上升是因为它属于天空。亚里士多德科学的目的是解释事情为什么会发生。当伽利略试图解释事情如何得以发生的，从而引入了现在已是科学研究基本形式的控制实验法时，现代科学应运而生了。 补充：
1. 泰勒斯（Thales 约前625～前547）
古希腊哲学家，数学家，天文学家。最早的唯物主义哲学学派。他几乎涉猎了当时人类的全部思想和活动领域，被誉为希腊科学之父。
2. 伯特兰·罗素（Bertrand Russell 1872－1970）
20世纪声誉卓著、影响深远的思想家之一。在其漫长的一生中，完成了40余部著作，涉及哲学、数学、科学、论理学、社会学、教育、历史、宗教及政治等各个领域，对西方哲学产生了深刻影响。1950年获诺贝尔文学奖。
Section III English-Chinese Translation
Translate the following passage into Chinese. Only the underlined sentences are to be translated. (20 points)
Have there always been cities? (26) Life without large urban areas may seem inconceivable to us, but actually cities are relatively recent development. Groups with primitive economics still manage without them. The trend, however, is for such groups to disappear, while cities are increasingly becoming the dominant mode of man’s social existence. (27) Historically, city life has always been among the elements which form a civilization. Any high degree of human endeavor and achievement has been closely linked to life in an urban environment. (28) It is virtually impossible to imagine that universities, hospitals, large businesses or even science and
technology could have come into being without cities to support them. To most people, cities have traditionally been the areas where there was a concentration of culture as well as of opportunity. (29) In recent years, however, people have begun to become aware that cities are also areas where there is a concentration of problems. What has happened to the modern American city? Actually, the problem is not such a new one. Long before this century started, there had begun a trend toward the concentration of the poor of the American society into the cities. Each great wave of immigration from abroad and from the rural areas made the problem worse. During this century, there has also been the development of large suburban areas surrounding the cities, for the rich prefer to live in these areas. Within the cities, sections may be sharply divided into high and low rent districts, the “right side of town” and the slums.
Of course, everyone wants to do something about this unhappy situation. But there is no agreement as to goals. Neither is there any systematic approach or integrated program. Opinions are as diverse as the people who give them. (30) But one basic difference of opinion concerns the question of whether or not the city as such is to be preserved. Perhaps transportation and the means of communication have really made it possible for there to be an end to the big cities. Of course, there is the problem of persuading people to move out of them of their own free will. (31) And there is also the objection that the city has always been the core from which cultural advancement has radiated. Is this, however, still the case today in the presence of easy transportation and communication? Does culture arise as a result of people living together communally, or is it too the result of decisions made at the level of government and the communications industry?
It is probably true to say that most people prefer to preserve the cities. Some think that the cities could be cleaned up or totally rebuilt. This is easy to say; it would not be so easy to do. (32) To be sure, a great rebuilding project would give jobs to many of those people who need them. Living conditions could not help but improve, at least for a while. But would the problems return after the rebuilding was completed?
Nevertheless, with the majority of the people living in urban areas, the problem of the cities must be solved. (33) From agreement on this general goal, we have, unfortunately, in the past proceeded to disagreement on specific goals, and from there to total inaction. At the basis of much of this inaction is an old-fashioned concept -- the idea human conditions will naturally tend to regulate themselves for the general goal.
一、试题结构分析
本文先论述城市对于人类生活的重要性，接着提到城市带来的问题。最后介绍有关目前这样的城市是否应该保存下去而产生的不同意见。
二、试题具体解析
26. 本题考核的知识点是：并列分句。
【句子结构】该句是but连接的两个并列分句，前一分句的主干为Life may seem inconceivable，其中主语后介词短语without urban areas做定语；后一分句的主干是cities are relatively recent development。
【词义确定】inconceivable意为“不可思议的”。
【翻译】对我们来说，生活要是没有广大的城市地区似乎是不可想象的，但实际上城市还是
比较按期才发展起来的。
27. 本题考核的知识点是：定语从句。 【句子结构】该句主干是city life has always been among the elements，which引导定语从句修饰elements。
【词义确定】element意为“要素”。
【翻译】从历史上看，城市生活始终是文明的一个组成部分。 28. 本题考核的知识点是：形式主语，宾语从句。
【句子结构】该句的主干为It is virtually impossible to imagine …，其中it为形式主语，不定式结构to imagine …是真正的主语。that引导的从句做imagine的宾语。 【词义确定】come into being意为“出现，存在，形成”。
【翻译】如果没有城市的支持，简直难以想象会有大学，医院，大企业，甚至连科学技术也不会有。
29. 本题考核的知识点是：宾语从句、定语从句。 【句子结构】however一词表明本句与上文之间的转折关系。该句的主干为people have begun to become aware that …，that引导宾语从句。从句的主干是cities are also areas，where引导的定语从句修饰areas。
【词义确定】aware意为“意识到的”；concentration意为“集中”。 【翻译】可是，近几年来人们开始意识到城市也是问题集中的地方。 30. 本题考核的知识点是：后置定语、宾语从句。
【句子结构】该句的主干为But one basic difference of opinion concerns the question，of引导的介词短语做后置定语，修饰question，说明是什么样的问题。whether or not引导的宾语从句做介词of的宾语。
【词义确定】concern意为“涉及，与...有关”；preserve意为“保存，保持”。
【翻译】但是，一个最主要的分歧意见是，像目前这样的城市是否还要保存下去。 31. 本题考核的知识点是：同位语从句、定语从句。 【句子结构】该句的主干为And there is also the objection，that引导同位语从句，说明objection的具体内容。从句的主干为the city has always been the core，from which引导的定语从句，做后置定语，修饰the core。
【词义确定】objection意为“反对，异议”；core意为“核心”；advancement意为“前进,进步”；radiate意为“散发，辐射”。
【翻译】同时也有人反对说，文化方面的进步，始终是以城市为中心而向外辐射的。 32. 本题考核的知识点是：。
【句子结构】不定式短语to be sure做插入语，用来表示说话者对句子所表达的意思的态度。该句的主干是a great rebuilding project would give jobs to many of those people，who引导的定语从句修饰those people。
【词义确定】to be sure意为“无疑地”。
【翻译】诚然，一个宏伟的重建计划也许能为许多需要工作的人提供就业机会。 33. 本题考核的知识点是：。
【句子结构】该句的主干是we have proceeded (from agreement on …) to disagreement … and from there to total inaction。介词短语from agreement on …提前到句首。副词unfortunately用作插入语，表示说话者对句子所表达的意思的态度。 【词义确定】general意为“普遍的”；unfortunately意为“不幸的是”；proceed意为“行进，前往；继而做”；total意为“全然的”；inaction意为“不活动，无为”。
【翻译】遗憾的是，过去我们在总目标方面意见是一致的，但涉及到各个具体目标时，意见
就不一致，因而也就根本没有什么行动。
三、全文翻译 一直以来都有城市吗？（26）对我们来说，生活要是没有广大的城市地区似乎是不可想象的，但实际上城市还是比较晚才发展起来的。拥有原始经济形态的群体在没有城市的情况下也仍然可以应付。然而趋势是：随着城市日益成为人类社会存在的主要形式，这些群体也在消失。（27）从历史上看，城市生活始终是文明的一个组成部分。任何高等的人类活动和成就总是与城市环境中的生活紧密相关。（28）如果没有城市的支持，简直难以想象会有大学、医院、大企业，甚至连科学技术也不会有。对大多数人而言，城市历来就是文化和机会都集中的地区。（29）可是，近几年来人们开始意识到城市也是问题集中的地方。现代美国城市发生了什么？事实上这不是一个新问题。早在本世纪以前，一种美国社会的穷人向城市聚集的趋势就已经出现。每一次国外或乡村地区的移民潮使问题更加严重。本世纪中也出现了城市周围郊区的大面积发展，因为富人愿意住在这些地区。而城市地区则被明显划分为不同的地区：高租金区、低租金区、贫民窟。
当然，每个人都想采取措施改变这种不愉快的局面。但是就措施的目标没有一致意见。既没有系统的方法，也没有统一的规划。观点也因人而异。（30）但是，一个最主要的分歧意见是，像目前这样的城市是否还要保存下去。也许交通和通信方式已经真的使大城市的终结成为可能。当然，说服人们自愿搬离城市的问题仍然存在。（31）同时也有人反对说，文化方面的进步，始终是以城市为中心而向外辐射的。然而，如今有了便捷的交通和通信，这种情况仍然存在吗？文化的兴起是因为人们共同居住在一起，或者也因为政府和通信行业做出的决定。
认为大部分人愿意保存城市的观点可能是正确的。一些人认为城市可以被彻底清理干净或重建。说起来容易，做起来难。（32）诚然，一个宏伟的重建计划也许能为许多需要工作的人提供就业机会。居住条件的改变不能解决问题，但可以有所改善。但是重建完成后问题会再次出现吗?
然而，由于大多数人都居住在城市地区，因此城市的问题必须解决。（33）遗憾的是，过去我们在总目标方面意见是一致的，但涉及到各个具体目标时，意见就不一致，因而也就根本没有什么行动。不采取行动的根本原因很大程度上是陈腐的观点：人类条件会自然地自行调节，以适应总的目标。
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